Computer Games Video Games - 1229 Words

Computer Games Personal computer games also known as the computer games demonstrate the video games which are played on a personal computer rather than an arcade machine or a video game console. The most defining features of these games include a higher degree of user control of the gaming software and hardware, absence of central controlling ability. Another most defining characteristic of the games is the increased capacity for input to the pc, processing and consequently the output. The people playing the computer games are able to interact with objects that are displayed on the computer screen for the purpose of entertainment. The computer games have been classified into different typologies such as skill and action games, role and†¦show more content†¦This consequently translate to consequential behavioral difficulties like violence as well as underdevelopment. Ryuta Kawashima who is a professor of Tohoku University in Japan stated that â€Å"the greatest threat from computer games w as not in their tendency to arouse aggression, as previously thought, but in the lack of mental stimulation they provided†. The professor with his research team engaged in a procedure of measuring brain activity teenagers while the teenagers were playing computer games and related to another group engaging in arithmetic. The results indicated that, contrary to the simple arithmetic exercise, the computer games did not stimulate the frontal lobe of the brain (Mathews, para 1-15). The brain’s frontal lobe is a vital area that plays the part in repression of the anti-social impulses and is associated with emotion, memory and learning. Absence of stimulation within the frontal lobe of the brain before 20 years of age barred the neurons from thickening as well as connecting. This consequently impairs the ability of the brain to control impulses like aggression and violence. A highly stimulated as well as highly developed brain is able to increasingly control the impulses of violence and aggression. There will be a problem that will be experienced with the new generation of the children who are on the verge of playing computer games never seen before.

Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms

Introduction Genetic engineering is the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce a desired result (Anon., n.d.). Genetic engineering is being used by scientists for various projects. It is being used to explore and alter the human genome as well as the genomes of other animals and organisms. Genetic engineering is used to create GMOs. GMO is the abbreviation for genetically modified organism, this organism’s genome is altered, using genetic engineering, so that its DNA contains one or more genes not normally found there (Anon., n.d.). At the moment seeds have been genetically modified to produce genetically modified crops such as GM soya and maize. There are a lot of foods that are genetically modified in this†¦show more content†¦GMOs and Food Security Among other definitions of food security, food security also means that the people who produce the food are able to earn a decent living wage growing, catching, producing, processing, transporting, retailing and serving food (Anon., n.d.). GMOs might have an indirect negative effect on food security and food safety due to all the movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops. GMOs pose a risk to food safety. This risk is a reality, for example in the United States of America traces of a maize type, approved only for animal feed, appeared in maize products that were for human consumption (Anon., n.d.). This mix up clearly violates food security. Despite the rising crisis in food security in developing countries, GM crop development is driven to support the interests of Western and European companies. Soya, oilseed rape, cotton and maize are currently the major GM crops produced; however, these crops are grown to support the food and textile industries of the developed world. South Africa, a third world country, is the 8th largest producer of GMO crops in the world and the largest in Africa (Anon., n.d.). Tons of GM crops are harvested and exported each year, yet the country still experiences an increasing rise in food prices and an unstable economy. GM seeds are sterile and cannot be used again; this prevents farmers from continuing their tradition of saving seeds to plant for the next season. InShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesGene Technology Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms/organisms which have been genetically altered meaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also known as recombinant DNA technology/genetic modification is a science that employs molecular biology techniques so as to modify or alter the genome of an organism. It involves manipulationRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1367 Words   |  6 PagesGenetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as â€Å"organisms† but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be thatRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1165 Words   |  5 Pagesaltered with it’s use of genetically modified organisms or GMO’s for short. Genetically modified organisms can be defined as scientists taking DNA from other organisms and altering the current organism with new DNA to produce an organism with genes that would not occur naturally. This technique is called genetic engineering. This process is not to be confused with hybridization or cross-breeding because there are no species related genes when it comes to genetic engineering. The experts from GMO AwarenessRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1485 Words   |  6 PagesA genetically modified organism, or â€Å"GMO,† is defined as being, â€Å"an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering.† This process is often used in plants and animals to produce desirable attributes. In the past, a plant with a desired attribute would be bred, by using selective breeding, to yield more plants with that desirable attribute. Now with the advancement of genetic engineering, this technique can be performed in a laboratory by moving orRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagesthe possibilities of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the artificial modification of an organisms genetic material with the help of biotechnology. This is capable of producing traits in an organism that would never have occurred by naturally. Genetic engineering is possible because genes are a universal language in life. Genes from one organism can be put in another organism, the possibilities for genetic engineering are essentially endless (Dixon, 2013). Any organism that has been alteredRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Environment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesabout genetically modified organisms and think that they are god sent other countries are weary of them and think that they are dangerous. While many other countries label genetically modified organisms because they think that people should have a choice whether or not they want to consume them America believes that their people should not have to know therefore taking the people s choice away and making the decision for them. There have been studies that have shown that genetically modified organismsRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Brave New World1012 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to th e health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has alwaysRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods998 Words   |  4 PagesWith progress in genetic engineering of foods, scientist, researchers, and farmers have changed the way food is grown. And this has started raising questions about the methods they use and their possible risks and side effects. To understand the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods you must first understand what they are. Genetically modified foods may also be referred to as GM foods, GMO, modified crops, GM organisms, or bio-tech foods. (Wohlers, Anton E, 2013, p73-84) You may see meRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1199 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Genetically modified organisms come to be through genetic engineering where their genetic material is artificially altered in a laboratory to suit certain specifications. Genetic engineering is a new technology which gives rise to unstable animals, bacteria, and plants which are not naturally occurring and do not come into being through the normal crossbreeding methods as other traditional crops. Virtually every genetically modified crop produced commercially are made in such a way Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms Genetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as â€Å"organisms† but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be that one organism that is genetically modified with mutations to survive and reproduce. With the technology and research we are now presented, we now have the ability to create genetically modified organisms. A Genetically modified organism is defined†¦show more content†¦This organism was first hypothesized and tested by the University of Guelph. What makes this pig different from any ordinary strain of Yorkshire pigs? The Enviropig was genetically altered by adding a gene from E. Coli and mice to the DNA to produce an enzyme in its saliva called Phytase. The Yorkshire pigs that do not contain the enzyme phytase cannot completely digest and absorb the phosphate and calcium contained in the seeds. This means that there is a higher phosphorous output and less nutritional value to the seeds. Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down any undesirable phytic acid (phytate) in grain and seed oils. When phytase breaks down these molecules, calcium and phosphorus is then released and can be digested by the organism. This phytase is produced and then secreted in the salivary glands. These salivary glands are the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. From these glands the phytase binds to the food molecules in the mouth. As it travels down the esophagus, the food enters the stomach and the enzyme is activated once stomach acid is released. Phytase is very resistant to proteases, which is one of the main acids produced in the stomach, but phytase is destroyed by the acids trypsin and chymotrypsin. This is detected by the lack of phytase located in the large intestine. The enzyme is still beneficial though because it breaks down the grains before being destroyed Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms A genetically modified organism, or â€Å"GMO,† is defined as being, â€Å"an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering.† This process is often used in plants and animals to produce desirable attributes. In the past, a plant with a desired attribute would be bred, by using selective breeding, to yield more plants with that desirable attribute. Now with the advancement of genetic engineering, this technique can be performed in a laboratory by moving or adding genes that express the desired attribute to other organisms. This new technique of genetic engineering can produce unstable combinations of plant, animal and bacteria genes that do not occur naturally. However, if genetically modified†¦show more content†¦Some of the most frequent crops that are genetically modified are sugar beets, soybeans, cotton and corn. At this time, it is estimated that potentially up to eighty percent of all processed foods in America contain genetically modified ingredients. In addition to crops, many animals have begun to be genetically engineered to increase yield and to decrease likeliness of disease. As we go into the future, there is no doubt that the amount of genetically modified organisms will grow greatly. It seems as if genetically modified organisms can be a good and beneficial thing, but it is very important to look at the potential problems and issues associated with genetically modified organisms. The first question that must be asked is, â€Å"Are genetically modified organisms safe?† The majority of experts in this field would say that currently GMOs are not safe. Many experts claim that GMOs are unhealthy and contain chemicals that can harm our bodies. Doctors often advise people to avoid eating foods that contain genetically modified organisms. Multiple studies have been conducted and many have found that GMOs can cause harm to the kidneys, liver, heart, and other organs. Some st udies have even found that particular chemicals used in genetically modified organisms can potentially increase the risk of cancer. Despite all of these possible safety issues, most genetically engineered foods are not even labeled, indicatingShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesGene Technology Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms/organisms which have been genetically altered meaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also known as recombinant DNA technology/genetic modification is a science that employs molecular biology techniques so as to modify or alter the genome of an organism. It involves manipulationRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1367 Words   |  6 PagesGenetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as â€Å"organisms† but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be thatRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1649 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Genetic engineering is the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce a desired result (Anon., n.d.). Genetic engineering is being used by scientists for various projects. It is being used to explore and alter the human genome as well as the genomes of other animals and organisms. Genetic engineering is used to create GMOs. GMO is the abbreviation for genetically modified organism, this organism’s genome is altered, using genetic engineering, so that its DNARead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1165 Words   |  5 Pagesaltered with it’s use of genetically modified organisms or GMO’s for short. Genetically modified organisms can be defined as scientists taking DNA from other organisms and altering the current organism with new DNA to produce an organism with genes that would not occur naturally. This technique is called genetic engineering. This process is not to be confused with hybridization or cross-breeding because there are no species related genes when it comes to genetic engineering. The experts from GMO AwarenessRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagesthe possibilities of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the artificial modification of an organisms genetic material with the help of biotechnology. This is capable of producing traits in an organism that would never have occurred by naturally. Genetic engineering is possible because genes are a universal language in life. Genes from one organism can be put in another organism, the possibilities for genetic engineering are essentially endless (Dixon, 2013). Any organism that has been alteredRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Environment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesabout genetically modified organisms and think that they are god sent other countries are weary of them and think that they are dangerous. While many other countries label genetically modified organism s because they think that people should have a choice whether or not they want to consume them America believes that their people should not have to know therefore taking the people s choice away and making the decision for them. There have been studies that have shown that genetically modified organismsRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Brave New World1012 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has alwaysRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods998 Words   |  4 PagesWith progress in genetic engineeri ng of foods, scientist, researchers, and farmers have changed the way food is grown. And this has started raising questions about the methods they use and their possible risks and side effects. To understand the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods you must first understand what they are. Genetically modified foods may also be referred to as GM foods, GMO, modified crops, GM organisms, or bio-tech foods. (Wohlers, Anton E, 2013, p73-84) You may see meRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1199 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Genetically modified organisms come to be through genetic engineering where their genetic material is artificially altered in a laboratory to suit certain specifications. Genetic engineering is a new technology which gives rise to unstable animals, bacteria, and plants which are not naturally occurring and do not come into being through the normal crossbreeding methods as other traditional crops. Virtually every genetically modified crop produced commercially are made in such a way

Presentation Skills - Short Report free essay sample

A Presentation is a fast and potentially effective method of getting things done through other people. In managing any project, presentations are used as a formal method for bringing people together to plan, monitor and review Its progress. Now, the question Is : what can a presentation do for you? Firstly; it puts you on display.Your staff needs to see evidence of decisive planning and leadership so that they are confident in your position as their manager. They need to be motivated and Inspired to undertaking the tasks, which you are presenting. Project leaders from other sections need to be persuaded of the merits of your project and to provide any necessary support. Your skill and ability should Impress senior management so that they provide the resources so that you and your team can get the Job done. Secondly; It allows you to ask questions and to Initiate discussion.It may not be suitable within the presentation formats of your company to hold a discussion during the presentation itself but it does allow you to raise the issues, present the problems and at least to establish who amongst the audience could provide valuable input to your decision making. Finally; presentations can be fun. They are your chance to speak your mind, to strut your stuff and to tell the people what the world Is really like. While you hold the stage, the audience Is bound by good manners to sit still and watch the performance. 2. The Objectives The objective of communication is to make your message understood and remembered.The main problem with this objective is, of course, the people to whom you are talking. The average human being has a very short attention span and a lion other things to think about. Your Job In the presentation Is to reach through this mental fog and to hold the attention long enough to make your point. The starting point in planning any speech is to formulate a precise objective. This should take the form of a simple, concise statement of intent. For example, the purpose of your speech may be to obtain funds, to evaluate a proposal, or to motivate your team.No two objectives will be served equally well by the same presentation; and if you are not sure at the onset what you are trying to do, It Is unlikely that your plan will achieve It. One question Is how many different objectives can you achieve, In say, 30 minutes and the answer:not many. In the end it is far more productive to achieve one goal than to blunder over several. The best approach is to isolate the essential objective and to list at most two others, which can be addressed providing they do not distract from the main one. Focus is key.If you do not focus upon your objective, it is unlikely that the audience will. The next task is to consider the audience to determine how best to achieve your objectives in the context of these people. Essentially this is done by identifying their aims and objectives while attending your presentation. If you can somehow convince them they are achieving those aims while at the same time achieving your own, you will find a helpful and receptive audience. For instance, if you are seeking approval for a new product plan from senior management it is useful to know and understand their main objectives.If they are currently worried that their product range is out of date and old fashioned, you would emphasis the innovative aspects of your new product; if they were fearful about product diversification you would then emphasis owe well your new product fits within the existing catalogue. This principal of matching the audience aims, however, goes beyond the simple salesmanship of an idea it is the simplest and most effective manner of obtaining their attention at the beginning.If your opening remarks imply that you understand their problem and that you have a solution, then they will be flattered at your attention and attentive to your every word. 3. Structure All speeches should have a definite structure or format; a talk without a structure is a mess. If you do not order your thoughts into a structured manner, the audience will not be able to follow them. Having established the aim of your presentation you should choose the most appropriate structure to achieve it. However, the structure must not get in the way of the main message.If it is too complex or too convoluted or simply too noticeable the audience will be distracted. If a section is unnecessary to the achievement of your fundamental objectives, pluck it out. Pyramid In a newspaper, the story is introduced in its entirety in a catchy first paragraph. The next few paragraphs repeat the same information only giving further details to each point. The next section repeats the entire story again, but developing certain themes thin each of the sub-points and again adding more information.This is repeated until the reporter runs out of story. The editor then simply decides upon the newsworthiness of the report and cuts from the bottom to the appropriate number of column inches. There are two main advantages to this style for presentations. Firstly, it can increase the audiences receptiveness to the main ideas. Since at every stage of the pyramid they have already become familiar with the ideas and indeed know what to expect next. This sense of deal iv can falsely give the impression that what they are hearing are their own ideas.The second advantage is that cutting the talk in exactly the same way as the newspaper editor might have done to the news story can easily alter the duration of the talk. This degree of flexibility may be useful if the same presentation is to be used several times in different situations. The Meaty Sandwich The simplest and most direct format remains the meaty sandwich. This is the simple beginning-middle-end format in which the main meat of the exposition is contained in the middle and is proceeded by an introduction and followed by a sections in all the previous structures.If the talk is short enough, or the topic simple enough, it can indeed form the entirety of the presentation. A) The Beginning It is imperative to plan your beginning carefully; there are five main elements: Get their attention Too often in a speech, the first few minutes of the presentation are lost while people adjust their coats, drift in with coffee and finish the conversation they were having with the person next to them. You only have a limited time and every minute is precious to you so, from the beginning, make sure they pay attention.Establish a theme Basically, you need to start the audience thinking about the subject tater of your presentation. A statement of your main objective can do this, unless for some reason you wish to keep it hidden. They will each has some experience or opinions on this and at the beginning you must make them bring that experience into their own minds. Present a structure If you explain briefly at the beginning of a talk how it is to proceed, then the audience will know what to expect. This can help to establish the theme and also provide something concr ete to hold their attention. Ultimately, it provides a sense of security in the promise that this speech too will end. Create rapport If you can win the audience over in the first minute, you will keep them for the remainder. You should plan exactly how you wish to appear to them and use the beginning to establish that relationship. You may be presenting yourself as their friend, as an expert, perhaps even as a Judge, but whatever role you choose you must establish it at the very beginning. Administration When planning your speech you should make a note to find out if there are any administrative details, which need to be announced at the beginning of your speech.This is not simply to make yourself popular with the people organizing the session UT also because if these details are over looked the audience may become distracted as they wonder what is going to happen next. B) The Middle Or The Body Content. What information should you give in your speech? All your information should support your purpose. In most cases you will have to limit the content, as time is Usually precious! Quantity How much information should you give? It should be enough to clearly develop your ideas. Dont forget to illustrate through examples. Sequencing your ideas.Here are a few possibilities for organizing your ideas: logical; hierological Order; from general to specific; from known to unknown; from accepted to Controversial; cause/effect; problem/solution. Whatever sequencing you choose, the Headings should be all of the same grammatical form. Keeping the audiences attention The beginning and the end or the first and last parts of a talk are what listeners will remember best. Think of ways you can keep the audiences attention throughout the rest of the speech. C) The Ending The final impression you make on the audience is the one they will remember.Thus it is necessary first to get their attention, which will have wandered. This requires a change of pace, a new visual aid or perhaps the introduction of one final culminating idea. In some formats the ending will be a summary of the main points of the talk. One of the greatest mistakes is to tell the audience that this is going to be a summary because at that moment they simply switch off. Indeed it is best that the ending comes unexpectedly with that final vital phrase left hanging in the air and ringing round their memories. Alternatively the ending can be a flourish, with the pace and voice leading the audience through the final crescendo to the inevitable conclusion. 4. Visual Aids Most people expect visual reinforcement for any verbal message being delivered. While it would be unfair to blame television entirely for this, it is useful to understand what the audience is accustomed to, for two reasons. Firstly, you can meet their expectations using the overhead projector, a slide show, or even a video presentation.Secondly, if you depart from the framework of a square picture flashed before their eyes, and use a different format, then that novelty will be most arresting. For instance, if you are describing the four functions of a project manager then display the four hats he/she must wear. Guidelines for the use of visual aids:Flowcharts/whiteboards should be readable from the back row of the audience. Dont use too many, or overload them with information. Restrict slides with bullets to 4-5 points. Dont read them out the audience can do that for themselves.Dont stand between the audience and your visual aids. Dont turn your back on the audience to look at the visual aids whilst you are speaking. If you have a complicated diagram, dont reproduce it on a slide unless you are sure that it can be magnified sufficiently for all to see. Otherwise give it as a handout at the beginning of the reservation so that the audience can refer to it. Normally give out handouts after the presentation your audience will read them as soon as they are given out and they cannot read and listen to you at the same time.If you have samples, show them and then suggest that the audience have a closer look at the end of the presentation. Check all the equipment before the presentation if you can. 5. The Delivery The human body is truly fascinating there are some I could watch all day Anon Whatever you say and whatever you show; it is you, yourself which will remain the focus of the audiences attention. If you strut and fret your hour upon the stage and then are gone, no one will remember what you said. The presenter has the power both to kill the message and to enhance it a hundred times beyond its worth.Your job as a manager is to use the potential of the presentation to ensure that the audience is motivated and inspired rather than disconcerted or distracted. There are five key facets of the human body, which deserve attention in presentation skills: the eyes, the voice, the expression, the appearance, and how you stand. A) The Eyes The eyes are said to be the key to the soul and are therefore the first and most inference in the objectives of your presentation. This impression may of course be totally false, but here is how to convey it.Even when in casual conversation, your feelings of friendship and intimacy can be evaluated by the intensity and duration of eye contact. During the presentation you should use this to enhance your rapport with the audience by establishing eye contact with each and every member of the audience as often as possible. For small groups this is clearly possible but it can also be achieved in large auditoriums since the further the audience is away from the resented the harder it is to tell precisely where he or she is looking.Thus by simply staring at a group of people at the back of a lecture theatre it is possible to convince each of them individually that he or she is the object of your attention. During presentations, try to hold your gaze fixed in specific directions for five or six seconds at a time. Shortly after each change in position, a slight smile will convince people in that direction that you have seen and acknowledged them. B) The Voice After the eyes comes the voice, and the two most important aspects of the voice for he public speaker are projection and variation.It is important to realize from the onset that few people can take their ordinary conversation voice and put it on stage. If you can, then perhaps you should move to Hollywood. The main difference comes in the degree of feedback, which you can expect, from the person to whom you are talking. In ordinary conversation you can see from the expression, perhaps a subtle movement of the eye, when a word or phrase has been missed or misunderstood. In front of an audience you have to make sure that this never happens. The simple advice is to slow down and to take your time.Remember the audience is constrained by good manners not to interrupt you so there is no need to maintain a constant flow of sound. A safe style is to be slightly louder and slightly slower than a fireside chat with slightly deaf aunt. As you get used to the sound, you can adjust it by watching the audience. A monotone speech is both boring and so prolific, so it is important to try to vary the pitch and speed of your presentation. At the very least, each new sub- section should be proceeded by a pause and a change in tone to emphasis the delineation.If tonal variation does not come to you naturally try making use of heterocyclic questions throughout your speech, since most British accents rise naturally at the end of a question. C) Expression The audience watches your face. If you are looking listless or distracted then they will be listless and distracted; if you are smiling, they will be wondering why and listen to find out. In normal conversation your meaning is enhanced by facial reinforcement. Thus in a speech you must compensate both for stage nerves and for the distance between yourself and the audience. The message is quite simply: make sure that your facial expressions are natural, only more so. D) Appearance There are many guides to management and presentation styles which lay heavy choice. That choice should however be deliberately made. When you are giving a presentation you must dress for the audience, not for yourself; if they think you look out of place, then you are. As an aside, it is my personal opinion that there exists a code of conduct among engineers, which emphasizes the scruffy look and that in many organizations this tends to set the engineer apart, especially from management.It conveys the subliminal message that the engineer and the manager are not part of the same group and so hinders communication. . The Techniques of Speech Every speaker has a set of tricks of the trade which he or she holds dear the following are a short selection of such advice taken from various sources. A) Make an impression: The average audience is very busy: they have husbands and wives, schedules and slippage, cars and mortgages; and although they will be trying very hard to concentrate on your speech, their minds will inevitably stray.Your Job is to do something, anything, which captures their attention and makes a lasting impression upon them. Once you have planned your speech and honed it down to its few salient mints, isolate the most important and devise some method to make it stick. B) Repeat, Repeat : The average audience is very busy: they have husbands or wives etc, etc but repetition makes them hear. The average audience is easily distracted, and their attention will slip during the most important message of your speech so repeat it.You dont necessarily have to use the resonant tonal sounds of the repeated phrase, but simply make the point again and again and again with different explanations and in different ways. The classic advice of the Sergeant Major is: First you tell me what o are going to tell me, then you tell me, then you tell me what you told me! c) Draw a Sign : Research into teaching has yielded the following observation: We found that students who failed to get the point did so because they were not looking for it.If the audience knows when to listen, they will. So tell them: the important point is D) Draw a Picture : The human brain is used to dealing with images, and this ability can be used to make the message more memorable. This means using metaphors or analogies to express your message. Thus a phrase like we need to increase the market penetration before there will be sufficient profits for a pay related bonus becomes we need a bigger slice of the cake before the feast. E) Jokes The set piece Joke can work very well, but it can also lead to disaster.You must choose a Joke, which is apt, and one, which will not offend any member of the audience. This advice tends to rule out all racist, sexist or generally rude Jokes. If this seems to rule out all the Jokes you can think of, then you should avoid Jokes in a and for relieving the tension of the speech. If this comes naturally to you, then it is a useful tool for pacing your delivery to allow periods of relaxation in between your sign-posted major points. F) Short and Sweet One way to polish the presentation of the main point of your speech is to consider it thus. The day before your presentation, you are called to the office of the divisional vice-president; there you are introduced to the managing director and a representative of the companys major share holder; K says the vice president we hear you have got something to say, well give you 30 seconds, GO. Can you do it? If you can crystallite your thoughts and combine your main message with some memorable phrase or imagery, and present hem both in 30 seconds then you have either the perfect ending or the basis for a fine presentation. ) The Narrative Everyone loves a story and stories can both instruct and convey a message: Zen Philosophy is recorded in its stories, and Christianity was originally taught in parables. If you can weave your message into a story or a personal anecdote, then you can have them wanting to hear your every word even if you have to make it up. H) Rehearsal There is no substitute for rehearsal. You can do it in front of a mirror, or to an empty theatre. In both cases , you should accentuate your gestures and vocal projection so hat you get used to the sound and sight of yourself. Do not be put off by the mirror remember: you see a lot less of yourself than your friends do. I) Relaxation If you get nervous Just before the show, either concentrate on controlling your breathing or welcome the extra adrenaline. The good news is that the audience will never notice your nerves nearly as much as you think. Similarly, if you dry-up in the middle smile, look at your notes, and take your time. The silence will seem long to you, but less so to the audience. Conclusion Once the speech is over and you have calmed down, you should try to honestly valuate your performance.

Mechanomyography Essay Example For Students

Mechanomyography Essay MMG simply stated, is the sound that resonates from the muscle during a stimulated contraction. The act of pulling on a taught string and letting go has been related to model the sound generated by the muscle. This sound can be caused by the cycling of the actin myosin cross bridges, or perhaps by the gross lateral shift of the muscle, or maybe even the brief shock generated by the thickening of several active muscle fibers. These are three of the hypothesis that try to account for the sound emitted from the muscle. The exact cause of mechanomyography is yet to be determined, but there are a few attributes that can be spoken for. It is understood that the muscle sound is related to muscle activity and its properties are related to the properties of the contraction. (8) The main frequency of MMG is 25 Hertz, British physicist, chemist, and physician William Wollaston determined this. This can possibly be attributed to the ATP turnover rate. ATP can hydrolyze and refurbished at a rate of about 40msec, which translates into 25Hertz. (8,10)The MMG signal can be recorded using a variety of transducers. One is the piezoelectric crystal contact sensor (microphone).Some researchers have used a hydrophone in studies when the muscle was submerged in water in vivo, others have used condensers.(11) It will be discussed later some of the differences between the types. Factors that influence the MMG signal can include stiffness of the muscle, fluid in an around the muscle, temperature of the tissue, fiber type, gender, technique and equipment used, type of contraction performed, amount of fatigue, and cross talk between muscles. Stiffness can alter the MMG by lowering the amplitude. As the muscle produces a greater force the stiffness of the muscle increases linearly with the force increase. When subject reaches 80 100% of MVC this stiffness can cause the amplitude of the signal to decrease due to the fusion of motor unit twitches, which will limit the oscillation.(2) This stiffness can also be attributed when talking about the different types of contraction. Types of contraction have been shown to provoke different amounts of peak torque. Eccentric forms of contraction elicit greater force production than that of concentric. This could cause a greater stiffness in the muscle during eccentric contractions, which could lower the MMG. Also there is the mechanism behind the contraction that could be the factor. As stated earlier, the cycling of the cross bridges is supposed to produce the MMG signal. With eccentric contraction this cycling of the cross bridges would certainly be altered form that of concentric contraction. With the breaking of the cross bridges, instead of the binding and cycling. Another factor that affects the MMG signal could be the amount fluid in and around the muscle. It has been hypothesized that the sloshing of the fluid may be the cause for increases in the signal with velocity of contraction. This is definitely an area that needs further study. What are the effects of hydration status on MMG?Temperature has been shown to have a linear relationship with MMG. The amplitude is especially influenced by temperature.(8,11) Orizio and Stokes show a decrease in amplitude from 100% to 15% with a decrease in temperature from 25C to 7C respectively. Fiber type can be a determining factor in MMG signal. Marchetti states the cause of the MMF signal is the change in tension of the sarcomere, which would incorporate the intrinsic functions of the fiber, namely the speed of contraction.(7) Also, it has been shown that fast twitch fibers are characterized by a higher mean and median power frequency than are slow twitch fibers.(5) Thus we could interpret fast and slow twitch fibers. My Korean Heritage EssayMMG has been shown to decrease with fatigue. The relationship of MMG with fatigue simulated that of torque. It was such an identical result that Orizio concluded that MMG might be a good determinate for fatigue. Cross talk is another variable that may affect MMG. When the contact sensor records the signal of more than the desired muscle this is called cross talk. When corresponding muscles around the intended muscle contract, they also emit a sound frequency that can be picked up by the microphone, thus is integrated into the signal and can give a false response. Practical uses of MMG can be wide spread, such as fiber typing. Using MMG one might be able to fiber type without having to perform an invasive procedure such as biopsy. MMG could prove to become an inexpensive and convenient way to fiber type. MMG can also be used to diagnose muscle disease. Barry has shown in his research that the electrical efficiency was decreased with pediatric muscle disease. Perhaps the mechanomyographic response can give us a better look at the location and cause of the inefficiency. We can also look at muscle atrophy. Marchetti witnessed a clear reduction of the high frequency signal with muscle atrophy.(7,8) Using this information about atrophy we can then look into the elderly population. Possibly do a comparative study of young subjects and elderly and the MMG responses between the two. We could hypothesize that the elderly population would have a decreased MMG due to the loss of the muscle mass and the amount of recruitment that would be available. This may also give us an insight into the degenerative process of muscle atrophy, is it neural or mechanical or both?References1.Barry DT, Gordon KE, Hinton GG: Acoustic and surface emg diagnosis of pediatric muscle disease. Muscle Nerve 1990;13:286-290. 2.Ebersole KT, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Evetovich TK, Smith DB, Perry SR: The effect of leg flexion angle on the mechanomyographic responses to isometric muscle actions. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998;78:264-269. 3.Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Housh DJ, Johnson GO, Ebersole KT, Smith DB: The effect of leg extension training on the mean power frequency of the mechanomyogrpahic signal. Muscle Nerve 2000;23:000-000. 4.Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT, Perry SR: Gender comparisions of the mechanomyographic responses to maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic actions. Med Sci Sports Exer 1998;30:1697-1702. 5.Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT: Mean power frequency and amplitude of the mechonmyographic signal during maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol 1990;39:123-127. 6.Marchetti M, Salleo A, Figura F, Del Guadio V: Electromyographic and phonomyographic patterns in muscle atrophy in man. Biomech 1974;1:388-393. 7.Marchetti M, Felici F, Bernardi M, Minasi P, Di Filippo L: Can evoked phonomyography be used to recognize fast and slow muscle in man? Int J Sports Med 1992;13:65-68. 8.Orizio C: Muscle sound: bases for the introduction of a mechanomyographic signal in muscle studies. Critical Reviews in Biomed Engin 1993;21:201-243. 9.Orizio C, Perini R, Veicsteinas A: Muscular sound and force relationship during isometric contraction in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989;58:528-533. 10.Oster G: Muscle sounds. Sci Am 1984;250:108-114. 11.Stokes MJ: Acoustic myography: applications and considerations in measuring muscle performance. Iso Exer Sci 1993;3:4-15. Advanced Exercise Physiology IIHPR 805FinalWritten by:Andie Hammond