Computer Games Video Games - 1229 Words

Computer Games Personal computer games also known as the computer games demonstrate the video games which are played on a personal computer rather than an arcade machine or a video game console. The most defining features of these games include a higher degree of user control of the gaming software and hardware, absence of central controlling ability. Another most defining characteristic of the games is the increased capacity for input to the pc, processing and consequently the output. The people playing the computer games are able to interact with objects that are displayed on the computer screen for the purpose of entertainment. The computer games have been classified into different typologies such as skill and action games, role and†¦show more content†¦This consequently translate to consequential behavioral difficulties like violence as well as underdevelopment. Ryuta Kawashima who is a professor of Tohoku University in Japan stated that â€Å"the greatest threat from computer games w as not in their tendency to arouse aggression, as previously thought, but in the lack of mental stimulation they provided†. The professor with his research team engaged in a procedure of measuring brain activity teenagers while the teenagers were playing computer games and related to another group engaging in arithmetic. The results indicated that, contrary to the simple arithmetic exercise, the computer games did not stimulate the frontal lobe of the brain (Mathews, para 1-15). The brain’s frontal lobe is a vital area that plays the part in repression of the anti-social impulses and is associated with emotion, memory and learning. Absence of stimulation within the frontal lobe of the brain before 20 years of age barred the neurons from thickening as well as connecting. This consequently impairs the ability of the brain to control impulses like aggression and violence. A highly stimulated as well as highly developed brain is able to increasingly control the impulses of violence and aggression. There will be a problem that will be experienced with the new generation of the children who are on the verge of playing computer games never seen before.

Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms

Introduction Genetic engineering is the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce a desired result (Anon., n.d.). Genetic engineering is being used by scientists for various projects. It is being used to explore and alter the human genome as well as the genomes of other animals and organisms. Genetic engineering is used to create GMOs. GMO is the abbreviation for genetically modified organism, this organism’s genome is altered, using genetic engineering, so that its DNA contains one or more genes not normally found there (Anon., n.d.). At the moment seeds have been genetically modified to produce genetically modified crops such as GM soya and maize. There are a lot of foods that are genetically modified in this†¦show more content†¦GMOs and Food Security Among other definitions of food security, food security also means that the people who produce the food are able to earn a decent living wage growing, catching, producing, processing, transporting, retailing and serving food (Anon., n.d.). GMOs might have an indirect negative effect on food security and food safety due to all the movement of genes from GM plants into conventional crops. GMOs pose a risk to food safety. This risk is a reality, for example in the United States of America traces of a maize type, approved only for animal feed, appeared in maize products that were for human consumption (Anon., n.d.). This mix up clearly violates food security. Despite the rising crisis in food security in developing countries, GM crop development is driven to support the interests of Western and European companies. Soya, oilseed rape, cotton and maize are currently the major GM crops produced; however, these crops are grown to support the food and textile industries of the developed world. South Africa, a third world country, is the 8th largest producer of GMO crops in the world and the largest in Africa (Anon., n.d.). Tons of GM crops are harvested and exported each year, yet the country still experiences an increasing rise in food prices and an unstable economy. GM seeds are sterile and cannot be used again; this prevents farmers from continuing their tradition of saving seeds to plant for the next season. InShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesGene Technology Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms/organisms which have been genetically altered meaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also known as recombinant DNA technology/genetic modification is a science that employs molecular biology techniques so as to modify or alter the genome of an organism. It involves manipulationRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1367 Words   |  6 PagesGenetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as â€Å"organisms† but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be thatRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1165 Words   |  5 Pagesaltered with it’s use of genetically modified organisms or GMO’s for short. Genetically modified organisms can be defined as scientists taking DNA from other organisms and altering the current organism with new DNA to produce an organism with genes that would not occur naturally. This technique is called genetic engineering. This process is not to be confused with hybridization or cross-breeding because there are no species related genes when it comes to genetic engineering. The experts from GMO AwarenessRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1485 Words   |  6 PagesA genetically modified organism, or â€Å"GMO,† is defined as being, â€Å"an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering.† This process is often used in plants and animals to produce desirable attributes. In the past, a plant with a desired attribute would be bred, by using selective breeding, to yield more plants with that desirable attribute. Now with the advancement of genetic engineering, this technique can be performed in a laboratory by moving orRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagesthe possibilities of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the artificial modification of an organisms genetic material with the help of biotechnology. This is capable of producing traits in an organism that would never have occurred by naturally. Genetic engineering is possible because genes are a universal language in life. Genes from one organism can be put in another organism, the possibilities for genetic engineering are essentially endless (Dixon, 2013). Any organism that has been alteredRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Environment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesabout genetically modified organisms and think that they are god sent other countries are weary of them and think that they are dangerous. While many other countries label genetically modified organisms because they think that people should have a choice whether or not they want to consume them America believes that their people should not have to know therefore taking the people s choice away and making the decision for them. There have been studies that have shown that genetically modified organismsRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Brave New World1012 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to th e health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has alwaysRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods998 Words   |  4 PagesWith progress in genetic engineering of foods, scientist, researchers, and farmers have changed the way food is grown. And this has started raising questions about the methods they use and their possible risks and side effects. To understand the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods you must first understand what they are. Genetically modified foods may also be referred to as GM foods, GMO, modified crops, GM organisms, or bio-tech foods. (Wohlers, Anton E, 2013, p73-84) You may see meRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1199 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Genetically modified organisms come to be through genetic engineering where their genetic material is artificially altered in a laboratory to suit certain specifications. Genetic engineering is a new technology which gives rise to unstable animals, bacteria, and plants which are not naturally occurring and do not come into being through the normal crossbreeding methods as other traditional crops. Virtually every genetically modified crop produced commercially are made in such a way Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms Genetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as â€Å"organisms† but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be that one organism that is genetically modified with mutations to survive and reproduce. With the technology and research we are now presented, we now have the ability to create genetically modified organisms. A Genetically modified organism is defined†¦show more content†¦This organism was first hypothesized and tested by the University of Guelph. What makes this pig different from any ordinary strain of Yorkshire pigs? The Enviropig was genetically altered by adding a gene from E. Coli and mice to the DNA to produce an enzyme in its saliva called Phytase. The Yorkshire pigs that do not contain the enzyme phytase cannot completely digest and absorb the phosphate and calcium contained in the seeds. This means that there is a higher phosphorous output and less nutritional value to the seeds. Phytase is an enzyme that breaks down any undesirable phytic acid (phytate) in grain and seed oils. When phytase breaks down these molecules, calcium and phosphorus is then released and can be digested by the organism. This phytase is produced and then secreted in the salivary glands. These salivary glands are the parotid, submaxillary, and sublingual glands. From these glands the phytase binds to the food molecules in the mouth. As it travels down the esophagus, the food enters the stomach and the enzyme is activated once stomach acid is released. Phytase is very resistant to proteases, which is one of the main acids produced in the stomach, but phytase is destroyed by the acids trypsin and chymotrypsin. This is detected by the lack of phytase located in the large intestine. The enzyme is still beneficial though because it breaks down the grains before being destroyed Genetic Engineering Genetically Modified Organisms A genetically modified organism, or â€Å"GMO,† is defined as being, â€Å"an organism or microorganism whose genetic material has been altered by means of genetic engineering.† This process is often used in plants and animals to produce desirable attributes. In the past, a plant with a desired attribute would be bred, by using selective breeding, to yield more plants with that desirable attribute. Now with the advancement of genetic engineering, this technique can be performed in a laboratory by moving or adding genes that express the desired attribute to other organisms. This new technique of genetic engineering can produce unstable combinations of plant, animal and bacteria genes that do not occur naturally. However, if genetically modified†¦show more content†¦Some of the most frequent crops that are genetically modified are sugar beets, soybeans, cotton and corn. At this time, it is estimated that potentially up to eighty percent of all processed foods in America contain genetically modified ingredients. In addition to crops, many animals have begun to be genetically engineered to increase yield and to decrease likeliness of disease. As we go into the future, there is no doubt that the amount of genetically modified organisms will grow greatly. It seems as if genetically modified organisms can be a good and beneficial thing, but it is very important to look at the potential problems and issues associated with genetically modified organisms. The first question that must be asked is, â€Å"Are genetically modified organisms safe?† The majority of experts in this field would say that currently GMOs are not safe. Many experts claim that GMOs are unhealthy and contain chemicals that can harm our bodies. Doctors often advise people to avoid eating foods that contain genetically modified organisms. Multiple studies have been conducted and many have found that GMOs can cause harm to the kidneys, liver, heart, and other organs. Some st udies have even found that particular chemicals used in genetically modified organisms can potentially increase the risk of cancer. Despite all of these possible safety issues, most genetically engineered foods are not even labeled, indicatingShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay1293 Words   |  6 PagesGene Technology Genetically modified microorganisms Genetically modified microorganisms are microorganisms/organisms which have been genetically altered meaning that their genetic materials have been modified. This modification is achieved through a technological method, genetic engineering. Genetic engineering also known as recombinant DNA technology/genetic modification is a science that employs molecular biology techniques so as to modify or alter the genome of an organism. It involves manipulationRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1367 Words   |  6 PagesGenetics is the foundation that controls the diversity and natural selection of the world we live in now. Each organism ranging from the smallest bacteria to the largest of animals all have genes that make up their own personal identity. Without these genes designating these identities, there would never be such things as â€Å"organisms† but rather just one organism. Genetics is vital to the world because no matter what boundaries or challenges an organism is presented with, there will always be thatRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1649 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Genetic engineering is the science of making changes to the genes of a plant or animal to produce a desired result (Anon., n.d.). Genetic engineering is being used by scientists for various projects. It is being used to explore and alter the human genome as well as the genomes of other animals and organisms. Genetic engineering is used to create GMOs. GMO is the abbreviation for genetically modified organism, this organism’s genome is altered, using genetic engineering, so that its DNARead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms1165 Words   |  5 Pagesaltered with it’s use of genetically modified organisms or GMO’s for short. Genetically modified organisms can be defined as scientists taking DNA from other organisms and altering the current organism with new DNA to produce an organism with genes that would not occur naturally. This technique is called genetic engineering. This process is not to be confused with hybridization or cross-breeding because there are no species related genes when it comes to genetic engineering. The experts from GMO AwarenessRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Organisms Essay2105 Words   |  9 Pagesthe possibilities of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering is the artificial modification of an organisms genetic material with the help of biotechnology. This is capable of producing traits in an organism that would never have occurred by naturally. Genetic engineering is possible because genes are a universal language in life. Genes from one organism can be put in another organism, the possibilities for genetic engineering are essentially endless (Dixon, 2013). Any organism that has been alteredRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And The Environment1284 Words   |  6 Pagesabout genetically modified organisms and think that they are god sent other countries are weary of them and think that they are dangerous. While many other countries label genetically modified organism s because they think that people should have a choice whether or not they want to consume them America believes that their people should not have to know therefore taking the people s choice away and making the decision for them. There have been studies that have shown that genetically modified organismsRead MoreGenetic Engineering: Brave New World1012 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has alwaysRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Foods998 Words   |  4 PagesWith progress in genetic engineeri ng of foods, scientist, researchers, and farmers have changed the way food is grown. And this has started raising questions about the methods they use and their possible risks and side effects. To understand the risks and benefits of genetically modified foods you must first understand what they are. Genetically modified foods may also be referred to as GM foods, GMO, modified crops, GM organisms, or bio-tech foods. (Wohlers, Anton E, 2013, p73-84) You may see meRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms ( Gmo )1665 Words   |  7 PagesA genetically modified organism (GMO) is a chemical organism processed in a laboratory where genes from the DNA of the crops are extracted and then artificially forced into an unrelated product that, when put into the crops the farmers raise, can chemically change the makeup of the crop. The chemical makeup can be from the change in the skin color of the crop to the actual organic chemistry compound. Genetic engineering is the process of splicing the genes in the crop and taking out a certain chemicalRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Organisms1199 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Genetically modified organisms come to be through genetic engineering where their genetic material is artificially altered in a laboratory to suit certain specifications. Genetic engineering is a new technology which gives rise to unstable animals, bacteria, and plants which are not naturally occurring and do not come into being through the normal crossbreeding methods as other traditional crops. Virtually every genetically modified crop produced commercially are made in such a way

Presentation Skills - Short Report free essay sample

A Presentation is a fast and potentially effective method of getting things done through other people. In managing any project, presentations are used as a formal method for bringing people together to plan, monitor and review Its progress. Now, the question Is : what can a presentation do for you? Firstly; it puts you on display.Your staff needs to see evidence of decisive planning and leadership so that they are confident in your position as their manager. They need to be motivated and Inspired to undertaking the tasks, which you are presenting. Project leaders from other sections need to be persuaded of the merits of your project and to provide any necessary support. Your skill and ability should Impress senior management so that they provide the resources so that you and your team can get the Job done. Secondly; It allows you to ask questions and to Initiate discussion.It may not be suitable within the presentation formats of your company to hold a discussion during the presentation itself but it does allow you to raise the issues, present the problems and at least to establish who amongst the audience could provide valuable input to your decision making. Finally; presentations can be fun. They are your chance to speak your mind, to strut your stuff and to tell the people what the world Is really like. While you hold the stage, the audience Is bound by good manners to sit still and watch the performance. 2. The Objectives The objective of communication is to make your message understood and remembered.The main problem with this objective is, of course, the people to whom you are talking. The average human being has a very short attention span and a lion other things to think about. Your Job In the presentation Is to reach through this mental fog and to hold the attention long enough to make your point. The starting point in planning any speech is to formulate a precise objective. This should take the form of a simple, concise statement of intent. For example, the purpose of your speech may be to obtain funds, to evaluate a proposal, or to motivate your team.No two objectives will be served equally well by the same presentation; and if you are not sure at the onset what you are trying to do, It Is unlikely that your plan will achieve It. One question Is how many different objectives can you achieve, In say, 30 minutes and the answer:not many. In the end it is far more productive to achieve one goal than to blunder over several. The best approach is to isolate the essential objective and to list at most two others, which can be addressed providing they do not distract from the main one. Focus is key.If you do not focus upon your objective, it is unlikely that the audience will. The next task is to consider the audience to determine how best to achieve your objectives in the context of these people. Essentially this is done by identifying their aims and objectives while attending your presentation. If you can somehow convince them they are achieving those aims while at the same time achieving your own, you will find a helpful and receptive audience. For instance, if you are seeking approval for a new product plan from senior management it is useful to know and understand their main objectives.If they are currently worried that their product range is out of date and old fashioned, you would emphasis the innovative aspects of your new product; if they were fearful about product diversification you would then emphasis owe well your new product fits within the existing catalogue. This principal of matching the audience aims, however, goes beyond the simple salesmanship of an idea it is the simplest and most effective manner of obtaining their attention at the beginning.If your opening remarks imply that you understand their problem and that you have a solution, then they will be flattered at your attention and attentive to your every word. 3. Structure All speeches should have a definite structure or format; a talk without a structure is a mess. If you do not order your thoughts into a structured manner, the audience will not be able to follow them. Having established the aim of your presentation you should choose the most appropriate structure to achieve it. However, the structure must not get in the way of the main message.If it is too complex or too convoluted or simply too noticeable the audience will be distracted. If a section is unnecessary to the achievement of your fundamental objectives, pluck it out. Pyramid In a newspaper, the story is introduced in its entirety in a catchy first paragraph. The next few paragraphs repeat the same information only giving further details to each point. The next section repeats the entire story again, but developing certain themes thin each of the sub-points and again adding more information.This is repeated until the reporter runs out of story. The editor then simply decides upon the newsworthiness of the report and cuts from the bottom to the appropriate number of column inches. There are two main advantages to this style for presentations. Firstly, it can increase the audiences receptiveness to the main ideas. Since at every stage of the pyramid they have already become familiar with the ideas and indeed know what to expect next. This sense of deal iv can falsely give the impression that what they are hearing are their own ideas.The second advantage is that cutting the talk in exactly the same way as the newspaper editor might have done to the news story can easily alter the duration of the talk. This degree of flexibility may be useful if the same presentation is to be used several times in different situations. The Meaty Sandwich The simplest and most direct format remains the meaty sandwich. This is the simple beginning-middle-end format in which the main meat of the exposition is contained in the middle and is proceeded by an introduction and followed by a sections in all the previous structures.If the talk is short enough, or the topic simple enough, it can indeed form the entirety of the presentation. A) The Beginning It is imperative to plan your beginning carefully; there are five main elements: Get their attention Too often in a speech, the first few minutes of the presentation are lost while people adjust their coats, drift in with coffee and finish the conversation they were having with the person next to them. You only have a limited time and every minute is precious to you so, from the beginning, make sure they pay attention.Establish a theme Basically, you need to start the audience thinking about the subject tater of your presentation. A statement of your main objective can do this, unless for some reason you wish to keep it hidden. They will each has some experience or opinions on this and at the beginning you must make them bring that experience into their own minds. Present a structure If you explain briefly at the beginning of a talk how it is to proceed, then the audience will know what to expect. This can help to establish the theme and also provide something concr ete to hold their attention. Ultimately, it provides a sense of security in the promise that this speech too will end. Create rapport If you can win the audience over in the first minute, you will keep them for the remainder. You should plan exactly how you wish to appear to them and use the beginning to establish that relationship. You may be presenting yourself as their friend, as an expert, perhaps even as a Judge, but whatever role you choose you must establish it at the very beginning. Administration When planning your speech you should make a note to find out if there are any administrative details, which need to be announced at the beginning of your speech.This is not simply to make yourself popular with the people organizing the session UT also because if these details are over looked the audience may become distracted as they wonder what is going to happen next. B) The Middle Or The Body Content. What information should you give in your speech? All your information should support your purpose. In most cases you will have to limit the content, as time is Usually precious! Quantity How much information should you give? It should be enough to clearly develop your ideas. Dont forget to illustrate through examples. Sequencing your ideas.Here are a few possibilities for organizing your ideas: logical; hierological Order; from general to specific; from known to unknown; from accepted to Controversial; cause/effect; problem/solution. Whatever sequencing you choose, the Headings should be all of the same grammatical form. Keeping the audiences attention The beginning and the end or the first and last parts of a talk are what listeners will remember best. Think of ways you can keep the audiences attention throughout the rest of the speech. C) The Ending The final impression you make on the audience is the one they will remember.Thus it is necessary first to get their attention, which will have wandered. This requires a change of pace, a new visual aid or perhaps the introduction of one final culminating idea. In some formats the ending will be a summary of the main points of the talk. One of the greatest mistakes is to tell the audience that this is going to be a summary because at that moment they simply switch off. Indeed it is best that the ending comes unexpectedly with that final vital phrase left hanging in the air and ringing round their memories. Alternatively the ending can be a flourish, with the pace and voice leading the audience through the final crescendo to the inevitable conclusion. 4. Visual Aids Most people expect visual reinforcement for any verbal message being delivered. While it would be unfair to blame television entirely for this, it is useful to understand what the audience is accustomed to, for two reasons. Firstly, you can meet their expectations using the overhead projector, a slide show, or even a video presentation.Secondly, if you depart from the framework of a square picture flashed before their eyes, and use a different format, then that novelty will be most arresting. For instance, if you are describing the four functions of a project manager then display the four hats he/she must wear. Guidelines for the use of visual aids:Flowcharts/whiteboards should be readable from the back row of the audience. Dont use too many, or overload them with information. Restrict slides with bullets to 4-5 points. Dont read them out the audience can do that for themselves.Dont stand between the audience and your visual aids. Dont turn your back on the audience to look at the visual aids whilst you are speaking. If you have a complicated diagram, dont reproduce it on a slide unless you are sure that it can be magnified sufficiently for all to see. Otherwise give it as a handout at the beginning of the reservation so that the audience can refer to it. Normally give out handouts after the presentation your audience will read them as soon as they are given out and they cannot read and listen to you at the same time.If you have samples, show them and then suggest that the audience have a closer look at the end of the presentation. Check all the equipment before the presentation if you can. 5. The Delivery The human body is truly fascinating there are some I could watch all day Anon Whatever you say and whatever you show; it is you, yourself which will remain the focus of the audiences attention. If you strut and fret your hour upon the stage and then are gone, no one will remember what you said. The presenter has the power both to kill the message and to enhance it a hundred times beyond its worth.Your job as a manager is to use the potential of the presentation to ensure that the audience is motivated and inspired rather than disconcerted or distracted. There are five key facets of the human body, which deserve attention in presentation skills: the eyes, the voice, the expression, the appearance, and how you stand. A) The Eyes The eyes are said to be the key to the soul and are therefore the first and most inference in the objectives of your presentation. This impression may of course be totally false, but here is how to convey it.Even when in casual conversation, your feelings of friendship and intimacy can be evaluated by the intensity and duration of eye contact. During the presentation you should use this to enhance your rapport with the audience by establishing eye contact with each and every member of the audience as often as possible. For small groups this is clearly possible but it can also be achieved in large auditoriums since the further the audience is away from the resented the harder it is to tell precisely where he or she is looking.Thus by simply staring at a group of people at the back of a lecture theatre it is possible to convince each of them individually that he or she is the object of your attention. During presentations, try to hold your gaze fixed in specific directions for five or six seconds at a time. Shortly after each change in position, a slight smile will convince people in that direction that you have seen and acknowledged them. B) The Voice After the eyes comes the voice, and the two most important aspects of the voice for he public speaker are projection and variation.It is important to realize from the onset that few people can take their ordinary conversation voice and put it on stage. If you can, then perhaps you should move to Hollywood. The main difference comes in the degree of feedback, which you can expect, from the person to whom you are talking. In ordinary conversation you can see from the expression, perhaps a subtle movement of the eye, when a word or phrase has been missed or misunderstood. In front of an audience you have to make sure that this never happens. The simple advice is to slow down and to take your time.Remember the audience is constrained by good manners not to interrupt you so there is no need to maintain a constant flow of sound. A safe style is to be slightly louder and slightly slower than a fireside chat with slightly deaf aunt. As you get used to the sound, you can adjust it by watching the audience. A monotone speech is both boring and so prolific, so it is important to try to vary the pitch and speed of your presentation. At the very least, each new sub- section should be proceeded by a pause and a change in tone to emphasis the delineation.If tonal variation does not come to you naturally try making use of heterocyclic questions throughout your speech, since most British accents rise naturally at the end of a question. C) Expression The audience watches your face. If you are looking listless or distracted then they will be listless and distracted; if you are smiling, they will be wondering why and listen to find out. In normal conversation your meaning is enhanced by facial reinforcement. Thus in a speech you must compensate both for stage nerves and for the distance between yourself and the audience. The message is quite simply: make sure that your facial expressions are natural, only more so. D) Appearance There are many guides to management and presentation styles which lay heavy choice. That choice should however be deliberately made. When you are giving a presentation you must dress for the audience, not for yourself; if they think you look out of place, then you are. As an aside, it is my personal opinion that there exists a code of conduct among engineers, which emphasizes the scruffy look and that in many organizations this tends to set the engineer apart, especially from management.It conveys the subliminal message that the engineer and the manager are not part of the same group and so hinders communication. . The Techniques of Speech Every speaker has a set of tricks of the trade which he or she holds dear the following are a short selection of such advice taken from various sources. A) Make an impression: The average audience is very busy: they have husbands and wives, schedules and slippage, cars and mortgages; and although they will be trying very hard to concentrate on your speech, their minds will inevitably stray.Your Job is to do something, anything, which captures their attention and makes a lasting impression upon them. Once you have planned your speech and honed it down to its few salient mints, isolate the most important and devise some method to make it stick. B) Repeat, Repeat : The average audience is very busy: they have husbands or wives etc, etc but repetition makes them hear. The average audience is easily distracted, and their attention will slip during the most important message of your speech so repeat it.You dont necessarily have to use the resonant tonal sounds of the repeated phrase, but simply make the point again and again and again with different explanations and in different ways. The classic advice of the Sergeant Major is: First you tell me what o are going to tell me, then you tell me, then you tell me what you told me! c) Draw a Sign : Research into teaching has yielded the following observation: We found that students who failed to get the point did so because they were not looking for it.If the audience knows when to listen, they will. So tell them: the important point is D) Draw a Picture : The human brain is used to dealing with images, and this ability can be used to make the message more memorable. This means using metaphors or analogies to express your message. Thus a phrase like we need to increase the market penetration before there will be sufficient profits for a pay related bonus becomes we need a bigger slice of the cake before the feast. E) Jokes The set piece Joke can work very well, but it can also lead to disaster.You must choose a Joke, which is apt, and one, which will not offend any member of the audience. This advice tends to rule out all racist, sexist or generally rude Jokes. If this seems to rule out all the Jokes you can think of, then you should avoid Jokes in a and for relieving the tension of the speech. If this comes naturally to you, then it is a useful tool for pacing your delivery to allow periods of relaxation in between your sign-posted major points. F) Short and Sweet One way to polish the presentation of the main point of your speech is to consider it thus. The day before your presentation, you are called to the office of the divisional vice-president; there you are introduced to the managing director and a representative of the companys major share holder; K says the vice president we hear you have got something to say, well give you 30 seconds, GO. Can you do it? If you can crystallite your thoughts and combine your main message with some memorable phrase or imagery, and present hem both in 30 seconds then you have either the perfect ending or the basis for a fine presentation. ) The Narrative Everyone loves a story and stories can both instruct and convey a message: Zen Philosophy is recorded in its stories, and Christianity was originally taught in parables. If you can weave your message into a story or a personal anecdote, then you can have them wanting to hear your every word even if you have to make it up. H) Rehearsal There is no substitute for rehearsal. You can do it in front of a mirror, or to an empty theatre. In both cases , you should accentuate your gestures and vocal projection so hat you get used to the sound and sight of yourself. Do not be put off by the mirror remember: you see a lot less of yourself than your friends do. I) Relaxation If you get nervous Just before the show, either concentrate on controlling your breathing or welcome the extra adrenaline. The good news is that the audience will never notice your nerves nearly as much as you think. Similarly, if you dry-up in the middle smile, look at your notes, and take your time. The silence will seem long to you, but less so to the audience. Conclusion Once the speech is over and you have calmed down, you should try to honestly valuate your performance.

Mechanomyography Essay Example For Students

Mechanomyography Essay MMG simply stated, is the sound that resonates from the muscle during a stimulated contraction. The act of pulling on a taught string and letting go has been related to model the sound generated by the muscle. This sound can be caused by the cycling of the actin myosin cross bridges, or perhaps by the gross lateral shift of the muscle, or maybe even the brief shock generated by the thickening of several active muscle fibers. These are three of the hypothesis that try to account for the sound emitted from the muscle. The exact cause of mechanomyography is yet to be determined, but there are a few attributes that can be spoken for. It is understood that the muscle sound is related to muscle activity and its properties are related to the properties of the contraction. (8) The main frequency of MMG is 25 Hertz, British physicist, chemist, and physician William Wollaston determined this. This can possibly be attributed to the ATP turnover rate. ATP can hydrolyze and refurbished at a rate of about 40msec, which translates into 25Hertz. (8,10)The MMG signal can be recorded using a variety of transducers. One is the piezoelectric crystal contact sensor (microphone).Some researchers have used a hydrophone in studies when the muscle was submerged in water in vivo, others have used condensers.(11) It will be discussed later some of the differences between the types. Factors that influence the MMG signal can include stiffness of the muscle, fluid in an around the muscle, temperature of the tissue, fiber type, gender, technique and equipment used, type of contraction performed, amount of fatigue, and cross talk between muscles. Stiffness can alter the MMG by lowering the amplitude. As the muscle produces a greater force the stiffness of the muscle increases linearly with the force increase. When subject reaches 80 100% of MVC this stiffness can cause the amplitude of the signal to decrease due to the fusion of motor unit twitches, which will limit the oscillation.(2) This stiffness can also be attributed when talking about the different types of contraction. Types of contraction have been shown to provoke different amounts of peak torque. Eccentric forms of contraction elicit greater force production than that of concentric. This could cause a greater stiffness in the muscle during eccentric contractions, which could lower the MMG. Also there is the mechanism behind the contraction that could be the factor. As stated earlier, the cycling of the cross bridges is supposed to produce the MMG signal. With eccentric contraction this cycling of the cross bridges would certainly be altered form that of concentric contraction. With the breaking of the cross bridges, instead of the binding and cycling. Another factor that affects the MMG signal could be the amount fluid in and around the muscle. It has been hypothesized that the sloshing of the fluid may be the cause for increases in the signal with velocity of contraction. This is definitely an area that needs further study. What are the effects of hydration status on MMG?Temperature has been shown to have a linear relationship with MMG. The amplitude is especially influenced by temperature.(8,11) Orizio and Stokes show a decrease in amplitude from 100% to 15% with a decrease in temperature from 25C to 7C respectively. Fiber type can be a determining factor in MMG signal. Marchetti states the cause of the MMF signal is the change in tension of the sarcomere, which would incorporate the intrinsic functions of the fiber, namely the speed of contraction.(7) Also, it has been shown that fast twitch fibers are characterized by a higher mean and median power frequency than are slow twitch fibers.(5) Thus we could interpret fast and slow twitch fibers. My Korean Heritage EssayMMG has been shown to decrease with fatigue. The relationship of MMG with fatigue simulated that of torque. It was such an identical result that Orizio concluded that MMG might be a good determinate for fatigue. Cross talk is another variable that may affect MMG. When the contact sensor records the signal of more than the desired muscle this is called cross talk. When corresponding muscles around the intended muscle contract, they also emit a sound frequency that can be picked up by the microphone, thus is integrated into the signal and can give a false response. Practical uses of MMG can be wide spread, such as fiber typing. Using MMG one might be able to fiber type without having to perform an invasive procedure such as biopsy. MMG could prove to become an inexpensive and convenient way to fiber type. MMG can also be used to diagnose muscle disease. Barry has shown in his research that the electrical efficiency was decreased with pediatric muscle disease. Perhaps the mechanomyographic response can give us a better look at the location and cause of the inefficiency. We can also look at muscle atrophy. Marchetti witnessed a clear reduction of the high frequency signal with muscle atrophy.(7,8) Using this information about atrophy we can then look into the elderly population. Possibly do a comparative study of young subjects and elderly and the MMG responses between the two. We could hypothesize that the elderly population would have a decreased MMG due to the loss of the muscle mass and the amount of recruitment that would be available. This may also give us an insight into the degenerative process of muscle atrophy, is it neural or mechanical or both?References1.Barry DT, Gordon KE, Hinton GG: Acoustic and surface emg diagnosis of pediatric muscle disease. Muscle Nerve 1990;13:286-290. 2.Ebersole KT, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Evetovich TK, Smith DB, Perry SR: The effect of leg flexion angle on the mechanomyographic responses to isometric muscle actions. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998;78:264-269. 3.Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Housh DJ, Johnson GO, Ebersole KT, Smith DB: The effect of leg extension training on the mean power frequency of the mechanomyogrpahic signal. Muscle Nerve 2000;23:000-000. 4.Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT, Perry SR: Gender comparisions of the mechanomyographic responses to maximal concentric and eccentric isokinetic actions. Med Sci Sports Exer 1998;30:1697-1702. 5.Evetovich TK, Housh TJ, Weir JP, Johnson GO, Smith DB, Ebersole KT: Mean power frequency and amplitude of the mechonmyographic signal during maximal eccentric isokinetic muscle actions. Electromyogr clin Neurophysiol 1990;39:123-127. 6.Marchetti M, Salleo A, Figura F, Del Guadio V: Electromyographic and phonomyographic patterns in muscle atrophy in man. Biomech 1974;1:388-393. 7.Marchetti M, Felici F, Bernardi M, Minasi P, Di Filippo L: Can evoked phonomyography be used to recognize fast and slow muscle in man? Int J Sports Med 1992;13:65-68. 8.Orizio C: Muscle sound: bases for the introduction of a mechanomyographic signal in muscle studies. Critical Reviews in Biomed Engin 1993;21:201-243. 9.Orizio C, Perini R, Veicsteinas A: Muscular sound and force relationship during isometric contraction in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1989;58:528-533. 10.Oster G: Muscle sounds. Sci Am 1984;250:108-114. 11.Stokes MJ: Acoustic myography: applications and considerations in measuring muscle performance. Iso Exer Sci 1993;3:4-15. Advanced Exercise Physiology IIHPR 805FinalWritten by:Andie Hammond

English Literature crossing boundaries in the Gothic Essay Example

English Literature crossing boundaries in the Gothic Essay Much Gothic writing is preoccupied with the punishment of transgression. By comparing Frankenstein with at least one other Gothic work you have studied, discuss ways in which writers of the Gothic tradition explore the consequences of crossing boundaries From the outset, it is very pertinent to note the use of the word consequences in this question. Indeed, crossing boundaries can be perfectly benign and harmless. Also worth considering is the fact that crossing boundaries can either be treated in a geographical (and literal) sense simply a person or object moving from one designated area to another (e. . Waltons expedition to the Arctic) or, instead, as a personal crossing of a figurative boundary (e. g. the Creatures negative change in attitude towards the world). Let us first look at this point of emotional shifts. With regards to consequence Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1831) offers a strong insight of the Creatures descent into malignity (this word is interestingly repeated throughout the text). The Creature crosses this theoretical introspective boundary essentially as a result of social exclusion. Yet, it is not simply emotional punishment for the Creature per se. We will write a custom essay sample on English Literature crossing boundaries in the Gothic specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on English Literature crossing boundaries in the Gothic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on English Literature crossing boundaries in the Gothic specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Victor also feels the effects of the Creatures decline having provided the impetus behind his animosity and malignant mindset. Victor feels equally culpable for the deaths of those who are close to him Elizabeth, William, Justine, Henry etc. He symbolically aborts his Creature by effectively casting him aside. Victor giving life, of course, can obviously be linked to the idea that Victor succeeds in usurping the role of the mother (one might treat this as transgression to go beyond or overstep the limit1 of gender role). Furthermore, what this reciprocated punishment also offers us is support for the notion that the two characters are in fact the same person (it has frequently been suggested that the Creature maintains the role of a double or doppelgi nger to Victor). Bram Stokers Dracula (1897) as well offers fertile ground for this essay. The men of the novel do also cross a metaphorical emotional boundary in the final chapters of the text. It is a poignantly-governed change, essentially being brought upon them as a consequence of the horrific transformation (indeed transgression) of Lucy Westenra into an un-Dead. Of course, this is combined with an apparent requirement to put an end to Count Draculas malice regardless. This, then, leads us onto the notion of crossing literal geographical boundaries. The men are required to travel from West to East. This issue is touched on elsewhere in the Gothic the East effectively treated as barbarous, evil, uncivilised etc. in distinct contrast with its antithesis: the good, industrialised, sophisticated West. They venture to Transylvania in an exploit to finish off the Count once and for all. It is in fact successful (bar the death of Quincy Morris). These two examples do certainly outline how the two types of crossing literal/geographical and metaphorical/emotional are comparable. We may, however, look at one other issue; namely whether or not there is a distinction between heroic (and indeed prudent) crossings, and weak (imprudent) crossings. Victor Frankenstein is, on the whole, a weak character (who in turn makes a series of misjudgements). This form of characterisation may indeed be a device utilised by Shelley to rationalise the negative outcome of the novel. In contrast, the men of Dracula are gallant, heroic, level-headed etc. ho, compliant to this rule, ultimately generate a positive outcome. Turning back to Frankenstein, we might look at one of these cases of imprudence; namely both Victors and Waltons strive for knowledge (one mans life or death were but a small price to pay for the acquirement of knowledge which I sought). Samuel Taylor Coleridges Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) also concerns an ominous expedition, in a similar manner to Walton. They attempt to reach new heights; to essentially break the rules (the boundaries of mans extents) to transgress. This does, in fact, strike synonymy with the subject in the novels title (The Modern Prometheus). The Greek Titan, Prometheus, transgressed beyond an acceptable boundary steeling the secret of fire from the Gods. Interestingly enough, Prometheus punishment consisted of having a great eagle eat his liver every day whilst it continually replaced itself. The strife for knowledge and the Prometheus allegory can be linked with Victors crossing of a geographical boundary. Shelley presents him as moving away from the archetypal family life to proceed with his endeavours in the university town of Ingolstadt. This is, of course, where the Creature is created. One might say that the Creature and the consequences that arise from his creation are nothing more than a result of Victors crossing of the social boundary into the adventurous and hectic life of the Ingolstadt academic. Shelleys message, it would seem, is that were one to cross boundaries feebly without prudence or reason; or to transgress to punch above ones weight we would be indeed be punished as a consequence. Stokers Dracula, in turn, shows us how a prudent or gallant crossing can elicit a positive outcome. The nature of character entails the nature of consequence. Moving on, William Beckfords Vathek (1786) contains an interesting sequence in which the Princess Nouronihar ventures into an unknown region attracted by a glowing ball of light. Instead of punishment, however, Beckford offers us the juxtaposition of fear, uncertainty and uneasiness with a sense of grandeur and affluence. It is, nevertheless, a rather mysterious scene. Unbeknownst to what was about to come, the Princess overhears: For what monarch are these torched kindled, this bath prepared, and these habilments second voice answered, They are for the charming daughter of the emir Fakreddin Now, it is debatable whether or not we can consider this to be punishment. It is certainly weird and uncanny and would most definitely elicit a sense of uneasiness in Beckfords character. It is a very eccentric and bizarre outcome of a crossing; the reference to the Princess makes us contemplate that the most pertinent issue is not in fact her crossing of the literal geographic boundary, but instead a boundary from the knowing to unknowing. It is as though the Princess has forgotten aspects of her life like she has moved from a state of full consciousness to amnesia. Regardless of such interpretations, these strange storylines do certainly succeed in providing the Gothic with its enticing quality. To summarise, then, the range of consequences as a result of crossing boundaries, as well as interpretations of the intrinsic meaning of this, are far reaching. There are metaphorical, emotional crossings of boundaries, which may, or may not, be compatible with literal, geographical crossings. In addition, it would appear to be the case that the consequences positive or negative of such endeavours are seemingly contingent on the nature of said crossing whether it is heroic or feeble, prudent or imprudent. The scene from Vathek simply succeeds in demonstrating the ambiguity of the Gothic. The mysterious and strange manifestations of it demonstrate fully how the genre can both confuse and fascinate the reader.

Basic Greetings in English for Beginners

Basic Greetings in English for Beginners This is a simple exercise to get students communicating with basic greetings. Notice in the second part of the activity that you can use this opportunity to recycle spelling, object, and job vocabulary. Teacher: Hello, How are you? Hi, Im fine. - Hi, How are you? Hello, Im OK. - Hi, How are you? Hi, Im well. (Model the question to the students. You can make gestures such as the thumbs up sign, etc. as well as strong facial gestures to help students understand the differences.) Teacher: Susan, hi, how are you? Student(s): Hi, Im fine. Teacher: Susan, ask Paolo a question. Student(s): Hi Paolo, How are you? Student(s): Hello, Im well. Continue this exercise around the class. Part II: Goodbye Teacher: Hello Ken, how are you? Hello, Im fine. - What is this? Thats a book - B - O - O - K. - What are you? Im a teacher - T - E - A - C - H - E -R. - Goodbye. Goodbye. (Model this dialogue physically, you may want to model this exercise a few times as it will demand a number of skills from the students.) Teacher: Hello Paolo, how are you? Student(s): Hi, Im fine. Teacher: What is this?. Student(s): That is a pencil - P - E - N - C - I - L. Teacher: What are you? Student(s): Im a pilot - P - I - L - O - T. Teacher: Goodbye, Paolo. Student(s): Goodbye. Continue this exercise around the room with each of the students. If a student makes a mistake, touch your ear to signal that the student should listen and then repeat his/her answer accenting what the student should have said.

Financial analysis of Community Health Systems and HCA, Inc Assignment

Financial analysis of Community Health Systems and HCA, Inc - Assignment Example There are many reasons for someone to explore a firm’s financial statements. Investors use it to explore potential returns on their capital investment, managers explore to assess performance, and the government reviews them for legal compliance. The final analysis for HCA & CHS will be presented from the prospective of the investor. In order for the investor to understand the return on an investment, he/she must examine the firm’s quality earnings. Quality earnings are different from profit. Profit could mean the firm is just breaking the even point that enables the firm from incurring losses. Maybe the profits are being absorbed by debt. Many firms hide debt in the financial statement notes. Consequently, investors willing to invest in a given organization should not evaluate the viability of the investment from the face value of the financial statements. Assessing a firm’s worth involves a deeper understanding of the firm and its industry. Ratio analyses are ve ry useful in that understanding. In the next few pages, you will find a vertical ratio and horizontal analysis for subject firms. HCA’s financial data was easy to comprehend due to the concise and clear presentation of the consolidated statements. In addition, the accompanying financial notes helped in understanding the origin of the figures in the financial statements. Most of its financial data are easily translated into terminology used in the Excel template. The financial data of HCA was presented in the millions while Community Health Services was listed in the thousands. To make the two firms’ financial statements more comparable, Community Health Services numbers were divided by 1000 to convert it to millions. Cost of goods sold for the firms is actually labeled â€Å"Revenues before the provision for doubtful†. The healthcare industry has a large provision for doubtful

Nobel Prize in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nobel Prize in Medicine - Essay Example He is considered to be the one of the pioneers and the key figures in the development of human immunology. The seven years, which Jules Bordet spent working at the Pasteur Institute became the turning point in the development of his career and paved the way for his scientific triumph. He was able to discover that â€Å"bacteriolytic effect of acquired antibody  is considerably increased  in vivo  by the existence of natural serum components† (FAQs). Soon after joining the Institute, Jules Bordet began exploring the basic problems of human immunology in order to find the ways to defend human organism form different infections. (FAQs). In 1894, one of Bordet’s colleagues discovered that a guinea pig immunized against cholera rapidly died when injected cholera bacteria (FAQs). The discovery of Bordet was outstanding: as he later found out, such problems did occur to guinea pigs only when the bacteria came from a non-immunized pig (FAQs). Moreover, the bacteriolysis did not take place when the antiserum and the bacteria were mixed in a test tube (FAQs). Finally, when Bordet heated the antiserum it immediately lost its power to kill the cholera bacteria (FAQs). In the series of the blood experiments that followed Jules Bordet by injecting red blood cells from one animal species into another species caused the rapid destruction of red cells of the first species by the serum of the second species (FAQs). Later on, Jules Bordet was able to systematize his knowledge of bacteriolysis and to create a general picture of how animal bodies defended themselves against foreign infections (FAQs). On the basis of his discoveries, Bordet created the first complement fixation test, which could determine the presence of various bacteria in an individual’s blood serum (FAQs). The discovery of the test itself and related discoveries in immunology led Bordet to the best reward: in 1919, Jules Bordet was awarded the

Developing good study skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Developing good study skills - Essay Example Furthermore, it is possible to overcome procrastination by developing proper studying habit, and hence improving the studying habit of an individual is the key of good study, and success in education. This paper takes a stand that good studying habits are an important tool that a student should have in their toolbox of life. Ability to develop good studying habits is able to create great organizational skills, and this develops the testing ability of a student, providing less stress and frustration when meeting and preparing deadlines. Rawlings (2008) explains that the tips of achieving success for onsite classroom students, is the same as the tips of achieving success for online students. Following a series of studying tips are essential in helping students to effectively learn new academic theories as well as concepts. Zimmerman and Schunk (2011) explains that effectively following these studying tips is an example of a good studying habit, and hence it helps a student to be organized in his or her work. One of the best methods that a student can use to stay organized is through using folders which can help him or her to keep assignments and any school work, until the time when these assignments and school work are needed. Rawlings (2008) explains that when children are able to reach a grade whereby tests and homework are part and parcel of their school curriculum, then there are a variety of actions that parents can undertake for purposes of encouraging good studying habits. It is important to explain that when students are faced with a variety of home work and tests, without proper guidance, chances are high that they may develop stress. On this basis, a good and proper studying habit is to carry a study before and during the process of doing the homework. It is important to understand that little amount of home studies will play a great role in helping elementary school

Skills Required in Phlebotomy

Skills Required in Phlebotomy Objectives To acquire the knowledge and skills to perform phlebotomy and finger prick. To learn the order of draw and its significance. To learn various devices and preparation techniques before phlebotomy. Introduction Phlebotomy is referred to the cutting of a vein. It is a procedure often involving invasion that invades the body through cutting or puncture normally carried out by professionals called phlebotomists. Among the major roles involving a phlebotomist is to obtain blood specimens for diagnostic testing. This can be done either by dermal puncture which is done by puncturing the skin or venepuncture which is done by puncturing the veins. Other than that, a phlebotomist is also responsible in redrawing blood from donors during blood transfusion of from any patients having polycythemia which is known for overproduction of blood cells. Phlebotomist are also responsible for collecting and properly packaging urine specimens, accepting incoming specimens (blood and body fluids, etc.), and routing specimens to the proper departments to be tested and analysed. In order for a phlebotomist to withdraw blood from a patient, he should make sure that the tubes are labelled and all the materials are pr epared before carrying out the procedure. The best sites for venipunture are normally the superficial veins of the upper limbs. The superficial vein most commonly used for venipuncture is the median Cubital Vein which lies over the cubital fossa and serves as an anastomosis between the basilica veins and the cephalic veins. The next most common vein is the cephalic vein where it can be followed proximally where it empties into the axillary vein. The basilic vein is also a location for venipunture as it divides to join the brachial vein. The usual sites for capillary puncture or finer prick in adults and children are the fingertip. In adults, the ring finger is often selected because it usually is not calloused. Capillary blood can be obtained from the great toe in infants and babies. In new-borns, the lateral or side portion of the end of the heel pas is used. The BD Discussion Among the inappropriate sites for venipuncture are the site affected by a mastectomy. This is because mastectomy causes lymphostasis which means stoppage of lymph flow where the bodys ability to fight infection is compromised if lymph nodes are removed therefore patients are more prone to infections. Edematous sites, an abnormal accumulation of fluid on the intracellular space of the tissue must also be avoided as it can cause difficulty in palpating the veins due to the excess fluid. The specimen can also be contaminated with the fluid. Venipuncture performed at sites of scars and burns are also inappropriate as it causes unusual pain for the patients. This is caused by the veins that are very difficult to palpate and also susceptible to infections as the protective barrier (epidermal layer) has been disrupted. Other than that, patients who have IV running in their arm should not be used for venepuncture as it may be a contaminant to the blood collected. Lastly, dermal punctures mus t never be performed on the fingers of a new-born or very young infant. This is because there is very little distance between the skin and the bone. Therefore, the bone could be easily pierced during the puncture, causing injury to the bone, infection, or gangrene. The order of draw is as follows, Blood Cultures Coagulation Tube (light blue top) Plain red AND/OR Serum Separator Tube (red gel/SST) Heparin Tube (green top) Plain Sodium Heparin Plain Lithium Heparin Lithium Heparin Gel EDTA Tube (purple and pink top) Fluoride/ Oxalate Tube (grey top) Miscellaneous tubes (these are drawn in no specific order) Heavy metal dark blue top (EDTA and plain red) b. ACD yellow top The purpose of the order of draw is to avoid possible test result error due to cross contamination from tube additives. Potassium results can be falsely elevated as EDTA is rich in potassium. Therefore test for potassium must be collected before tubes containing EDTA. Other than that, the microscopic appearance of the red blood cells on a WBC differential test will be distorted due to the additives in the Fluoride/ Oxalate tube as oxalate interferes the red blood cell membrane and fluoride alter its morphology. Moreover, coagulation tests such as Activated partial thromboplastic time (aPTT) and prothrombin (PT) can be affected with the presence of clot activators by shortened test results. Bacteria from non-sterile tube stoppers/shields can contaminate blood collected into bottles/tubes used for blood cultures, resulting in the growth of bacteria erroneously leading a physician to think his/her patient has a blood infection. A hematoma is a collection of blood beneath the skin. Hematomas are the most common adverse reaction to venipuncture. Precautions that can be taken to prevent hematoma in phlebotomy are by puncturing only the uppermost wall of the vein. Other than that, the phlebotomist can also remove the tourniquet before removing the needle. The needle should fully penetrate the upper-most wall of the vein as partial penetration may allow blood to leak into the tissue surrounding the vein. Lastly, adequate pressure should be applied to stop the bleeding once the phlebotomy is complete. Haemolysed blood specimens are not be acceptable for testing. Hemolysis occurs when the red cells rupture and haemoglobin and other intracellular components spill into the serum. Hemolyzed serum or plasma is pink or red, rather than the normal clear straw or pale yellow colour. Steps that can prevent haemolysis are by mixing tubes gently or about 5 – 10 times after collection. The tubes should not be shaken too vigorously and drawing blood should be performed on hematoma individuals. Other than that, when using a needle or syringe, avoid drawing back the plunger to forcefully. Moreover, if a blood transfer device is used to fill vacutainer tubes, always allow the vacuum to pull the blood into the tubes. Do not use he plunger or syringe to force the blood into the tubes quickly. References Akron Childrens Hospital, 2015, Lab Test Procedure : Performing A Venipuncture. [Online]. Available at : https://www.akronchildrens.org/cms/lab_procedures/9179c8cb8f877ee3/ [ Accessed 29/01/2015]. Johnson. L, 2013, National Center for Competency Testing : Phlebotomy order of draw, [Online]. Available at : https://www.ncctinc.com/documents/Phlebotomy%20Order%20of%20Draw.pdf [Accessed 29/01/2015]. MediaLab incorporated, 2015, Hematoma, [Online]. Available at : https://www.medialabinc.net/spg549505/hematoma.aspx, [ Accessed 29/01/2015]. Turgeon., M,. L, 2005, Clinical Hematology: Theory and Procedures, Volume 936, [Online], Available at : https://books.google.com.my/books?id=cHAjsUgegpQCpg=PA26lpg=PA26dq=edematous+site+venipuncturesource=blots=qxLCqzHsO2sig=OaKkj33lflGKFvorZweYFnb4RHUhl=ensa=Xei=n1bHVI-VM4yD8gW29IKoBgved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=edematous%20site%20venipuncturef=false , [Accessed 29/01/2015]

Westboro Baptist Church: A Deviant Hate Crime Group? Essay -- Hate Spe

Deviant behavior is anything that a person does that is out of the norm. Robbing banks, stealing cars, and assaulting individuals are easily considered deviant behavior, but can people be deviant while still being within their legal rights and without breaking any laws? One congregation that does not break any laws, but is considered to be out-of-line, is the Westboro Baptist Church. The Westboro Baptist Church has been called offensive and their actions are frowned upon by many. Is the Westboro Baptist Church actually a deviant group in disguise? In order to get to know about the Westboro Baptist Church, a person needs to know a little about who they are, where they came from, and what they represent. The Westboro Baptist Church was created in 1955 by a man named Fred Phelps, in Topeka Kansas, and is considered to follow old school Baptist beliefs (God, 2011). The Westboro membership numbers less than 100 who profess to all of the teachings of the Bible, and preach against every type of sin (God). Uncommonly, the church has no known affiliation to with any other Baptist churches (Parks, 2010). The Westboro members have been known to picket at least six events a day, such as: soldier's funerals, celebrity funerals, homosexual functions, etc. (Parks, 2010). Signage held by members at these events always include hateful expressions. â€Å"God hates fags† and â€Å"thank god for dead soldiers† are a few of the signs that people have seen at picketing events (God, 2011). Which is a reflection of their church web site entitled â€Å"god hates fags†. Members of the church use several several scriptures from the Bible that discuss homosexuality as sinful for justification of their practices and stance (God, 2011). Accordi... ... E. (2011). Deviant Behavior (9th Edition). Pearson Education Inc. pg 6 Gregory, S. (2010). The Price Of Free Speech. Time, 1(14), 30. Jonsson, P. (2011, March 3). What recourse now to Westboro Baptist Church's rude protests?. Christian Science Monitor. p. N. PAG. Krueger, A. B., & Maleckova, J. (2003). Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection?. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 119-44 2010. Parks Facts. Info Facts. Retrieved From: http://parksfacts.blogspot.com/2010/11/westboro-baptist-church.html Religious hate crimes down in 2007, says FBI. (2008). Christian Century, 125(24), 16. Richey, W. (2011, March 2). Supreme Court: 'hurtful speech' of Westboro Baptist Church is protected. Christian Science Monitor. p. N.PAG. (2011). Who are the Westboro Baptist Church and the Phelps Family? International Business Times.

J&K Outfitters Ltd. Essay

The organization I am going to talk about is J&K Outfitters Ltd. I will be explaining the advantages and the disadvantages of using ratio analyse within the business, by the help of using the ratio analyse it will show the financial performance of the business as it can help the investors to gain the inside health of the company. Each ratio within the business plays a different prospective e.g. The stock turnover ratio shows you how quickly a company sells and replaces the stocks which are the goods and materials that a business holds for the purpose of resale. The advantage of using this stock turnover ratio will help the investors to make a decision on rather to invest in this business or no because it will show the health of the company. The other type of ratio I am going to talk about is the current ratio which provides the business amount of assets compared to its liabilities which shows the business ability to pay its debts. With the help of this ratio the investors get the idea of will they get their money back if they will invest in that business. On the other side ratio fails to address the potential of the company as they only offer inside to the business present situation as it won’t give the future prediction of the business. For example, if the company is about to merge and acquire large amount of capital the ratio will not reveal these new changes therefore ratios cannot be the only measurements investors use to assess companies value, because this numbers do not reveal other key information such as industry changes and economy forces. Another disadvantage I am going to talk about of using ratio is that some ratio might indicate the company is performing well while other indicates financial issues therefore investors need to assess multiple ratios to get the picture of the business stability which can help them to come to a conclusion rather to invest or not within that business. Ratios are beneficial to some parties however not to the other, such as a bank might not consider giving a help or interest to the companies’ book to market ratio however, the financial investors will evaluate its level of depth ratio to see if the company is worth of a loan.

Anurognathus - Facts and Figures

Anurognathus - Facts and Figures Name: Anurognathus (Greek for without tail and jaw); pronounced ANN-your-OG-nah-thuss Habitat: Woodlands of western Europe Historical Epoch: Late Jurassic (150 million years ago) Size and Weight: About three inches long and a few ounces Diet: Insects Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; stubby tail; short head with pin-shaped teeth; 20-inch wingspan About Anurognathus Except for the fact that it was technically a pterosaur, Anurognathus would qualify as the smallest dinosaur that ever lived. This hummingbird-sized reptile, no more than three inches long and a handful of ounces, differed from its fellow pterosaurs of the late Jurassic period thanks to its stubby tail and short (yet extremely strong) jaws, after which its name, Greek for without tail and jaw, derives. The wings of Anurognathus were very thin and delicate, stretching from the fourth fingers of its front talons back to its ankles, and they may have been brightly colored, like those of modern butterflies. This pterosaur is known by a single, well-preserved fossil specimen discovered in Germanys famous Solnhofen beds, also the source of the contemporary dino-bird Archaeopteryx; a second, smaller specimen has been identified, but has yet to be described in the published literature. The exact classification of Anurognathus has been a subject of debate; this pterosaur doesnt fit easily into either the rhamphorhynchoid or pterodactyloid family trees (typified, respectively, by the small, long-tailed, big-headed Rhamphorhynchus and the slightly larger, stubby-tailed, slender-headed Pterodactylus). Lately, the weight of opinion is that Anurognathus and its relatives (including the similarly tiny Jeholopterus and Batrachognathus) constituted a relatively unevolved sister taxon to the pterodactyloids. (Despite its primitive appearance, its important to keep in mind that Anurognathus was far from the earliest pterosaur; for example, the slightly bigger Eudimorphodon preceded it by 60 million years!) Because a free-flying, bite-sized Anurognathus would have made a quick snack for the much bigger pterosaurs of its late Jurassic ecosystem, some paleontologists wonder if this diminutive creature nested on the backs of large sauropods like the contemporary Cetiosaurus and Brachiosaurus, similar to the relationship between the modern Oxpecker bird and the African hippopotamus This arrangement would have afforded Anurognathus some much-needed protection from predators, and the bugs that constantly hovered around skyscraper-sized dinosaurs would have provided it with a steady source of food. Unfortunately, we dont have a scrap of evidence that this symbiotic relationship existed, despite that episode of Walking with Dinosaurs in which a tiny Anurognathus pecks insects off the back of a docile Diplodocus.

Virginia vs Mass Bay Colonies (93 DBQ) essays

Virginia vs Mass Bay Colonies (93 DBQ) essays Although New England and the Chesapeake regions were settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The differences between the two societies are as follows: In 1607 a group of merchants established Englands first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown, Virginia. They operated as a joint-stock company that allowed them to sell shares of stock in their company and use the pooled investment capital to outfit and supply overseas expeditions. This joint stock company operated under a charter from King James I with a concern for bringing Christian religion to the native people. However, most of the settlers probably agreed with Captain John Smith that the real aim was profit rather than religion. Profits were elusive in the early years; expectations of gold and other minerals, trade with Indians for beaver and deer skins were not to be had by the colonists. Many Virginia colonists died of dysentery, malaria and malnutrition. The Virginia Company sent a diverse collection of people to Jamestown; there were artists and glassmakers, as well as unskilled servants. Both types of people adapted poorly to the wilderness conditions. Relations between the colonists and the Indians were bitter from the beginning. John Smith dealt with the Indians by shows of force and the Indians withdrew trade with the English. Many settlers died of starvation in the first years. The discovery that tobacco would grow in the Chesapeake region was a salvation for Virginia. The planters shipped the first crop in 1617 and thereafter tobacco cultivation spread rapidly. By 1624, Virginia was exporting 200,000 pounds of tobacco; by 1638 the crop exceeded 3 million pounds. The cultivation of tobacco caused Virginias planters to find a reliable supply of cheap labor. To fill this need, planters recruited immigrants from various countries. These immigrants were called indentured servant...

Arbitration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arbitration - Assignment Example thers are not bound by the arbitration agreement because they did not directly agree to it, as well as the fact that they were never specifically informed of it by HBW. Even though in NCR Corporation vs. Korala Associates Ltd. the court affirmed that arbitration is a legally binding method to solving disputes, Baker did not agree to the clause. Osborne Corp did, but only after the original contract had been signed, causing HBW to re-issue booklets to the homeowners that informed them of the agreement. Yet, in doing so, HBW did not call attention to the agreement, which means that the homeowners would have had no notice of it. The ethics of this practice can be called into question because while HBW issued booklets to Baker et al with the clause of arbitration included, it did not call any attention to such a agreement nor inform any of the homeowners outright that they would be bound to the agreement. It is not the fault of the homeowners that Osborne entered into the agreement, and therefore they do not have to abide by it. The homeowners did not sign the forms with HBW, Osborne did, and without informing the homeowners directly that they had done so, the homeowners cannot be held accountable. It can be inferred that the provision of arbitration was ‘hidden in the fine print’, and therefore it would be unethical to subject the homeowners to arbitration when they clearly had no way of knowing that they would have to abide by this. It can also be said that both HBW and Osborne failed in their ethical duty to the homeowners, Osborne because they did not inform the homeowners that they (Osborne Corp.) had entered into the arbitration agreement with HBW, and HBW because it did not clearly inform the homeowners that they were required to solve disputes by arbitration rather than by filing suit. Baker and the other homeowners, even though there is an agreement for arbitration under the warranty, are not bound by it because they did not sign the agreement directly

Scope statement of the Provision Healthcare Technologies Essay

Scope statement of the Provision Healthcare Technologies - Essay Example In this project, the authors are going to upgrade a new system for the better functionality of system and enhancement to the governmental standards. New government regulations have just been issued regarding patient safety. PROVISION must modify the wand software to incorporate this new functionality within six months or face steep fines. PROVISION has decided to move up its next wand release to meet the government deadlines. It has also decided to incorporate some new functionality and make some software fixes as part of this release. The scope of the PROVISION project is to modify the required software to incorporate this new functionality within six months will be defined. In this section, the authors will outline the main objectives that they have to achieve throughout the project lifecycle. This project will involve the following stockholders: Sales & Marketing department Product Distribution department Product manufacturing department Product Development Department PROVISION Healthcare Technologies manufactures Ltd. Governmental health care department Project manager General public Through this project implementation, the authors will be able to have more ways of doing the work regarding public health. Hereafter the modification of the old system they would have a government-established standard of public health care. This will also provide them a competitive edge in this market.  

Final Application Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Application - Term Paper Example It offers an overview on the management of diversity in the workplace. The paper will focus on the general concepts of managing diversity and its advantages to an organization. Managing diversity is defined by Taylor Cox as â€Å"planning and implementing organizational systems and practices to manage people so that the potential advantages of diversity are maximized while its potential disadvantages are minimized† (University of California, Berkeley, 1994). Diversity among people can be with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, religion, marital status, educational background, work experience and income. Today’s increasing globalization requires more interaction among people of diverse cultures and backgrounds. Now more than ever, managing diversity becomes an important issue in the workplace. Managing diversity, in order for it to be successful requires certain skills from management. First, management must u nderstand that workforce diversity is a reality and that discrimination has its consequences. Second, managers must be able to recognize their own biases, prejudices and stereotypes. An example is in the area or recruitment where the HR manager is considering an Asian and an American for a certain job position. Although the manager is an American, he chose the Asian over the American because he was more qualified in terms of experience and educational background than the American. This case clearly illustrates that the HR manager put aside his biases/prejudices to come up with a decision that will be most beneficial to the company. Finally, managers must have the ability to recognize what will best work for the organization in terms of teamwork among its diverse employees and the dynamics of the workplace (Green, Lopez, Wysocki, & Kepner, 2008). If an organization is able to manage diversity effectively, it poses to gain several benefits. Foremost among these benefits is that it wil l be able to attract, recruit and retain people from a wide talent base. It will also reduce employee turnover and absenteeism. Management will also pave the way to develop the flexibility and responsiveness among its employees. Creativity and innovation is further enhanced by the heterogeneity of the workforce. The morale of the employees will be boosted; thereby, increasing their commitment towards the company. To illustrate, if one employee is physically disabled yet he feels that he is not discriminated and not looked down upon by his co-workers and by management, then he will be encouraged to perform his best at work because he knows that he is appreciated despite his handicap. Moreover, in this era of globalization and rapid technological advancement, a diverse workforce from all walks of life will certainly benefit the organization. One such example is when a company hired different nationalities in its sales force, their revenue incredibly increased. This was because they we re able to tap various markets and serve their clients better since their sales force understood the specific needs of their foreign clientele. To recognize diversity means understanding that people have differences and similarities which can be used for the benefit of both the individual and management. Managing diversity means that there is fairness and equality in the organization. â€Å"

Disability and Able-bodied People Essay Example for Free

Disability and Able-bodied People Essay What is a normal person? Is it a man playing basketball with his friends in a park? Is it a woman riding horses through a grassy field? Or is it the double amputee that wears expensive sunglasses on a summer day? These images have all been depicted in the media, but the latter is not shown as frequently. If the media features disabled persons more often and in a better light, it will become the norm, therefore evoking unity among all Americans. As a society, we do not truly embrace people who are different than us. We are only tolerant of them because we are required to be. Television, print, and commercial advertisements are the only representation that the majority of Americans receive of the world around them. To combat prejudice and division between disabled and able-bodied people, there has to be an unbiased, well-rounded view of each in the media. Imagine if you lived in a world where you only saw ads with people who suffered from degenerative diseases, paraplegia, genetic disorders, etc. Would you begin to question whether you were normal or not? During the spring of my senior year in high school, I shadowed an occupational therapist who worked with autistic children. There were great lessons to be learned this semester, many of which I discovered from observing the children themselves. I began to sympathize with them and put myself into their shoes. I realized that I was in no better shape than they were, and we were not actually that different. In my free time, I would search tirelessly for ads which brought autism and disability into the forefront in a way that showed that they live their lives just as I did. Very seldomly would I come across one, and when I did, it was not from a major retailer. Disability rights organizations do a great job of raising awareness as advocates for the disabled, but I challenge the rest of the media to do the same. By making the lives of the disabled more visible in the media, everyday Americans will have the ability to see the handicapped in the same way I saw them during my internship. The able-bodied will see an array of people different from them just by putting those suffering from various disabilities on television. As a result, bringing able-bodied and disabled persons one step closer together. Additionally, the manner in which the disabled are depicted in the media is equally important. Becoming acclimated to seeing handicapped people in roles that we normally do not encounter will further show that we can all live together in unison. Switching the disabled person from door greeter to cashier in Walmart commercials is one example of this. Seeing a disabled person compete in the International Olympic games and not just a participant in the Special Olympics is also another example. Instead of diminishing the abilities of the handicapped, we can portray them in areas where they are apart of and grow with society. Are disabled and able-bodied people gelled together living in harmony or merely separate groups put together by force? Based on my experience, it is the latter, but it does not have to be. The media has played a major role in the way individuals are viewed throughout history. Once we change our outlook and perceptions on others, we change the way we live our daily lives. At that point we will begin to question who defines what is â€Å"normal† and what is not.

A Struggling Economy: Jamaica and U.S. Relations Essay -- Essays Paper

A Struggling Economy: Jamaica and U.S. Relations Introduction: In â€Å"Jamaica : a guide to the people, politics, and culture† Marcel Bayer asserts that almost every country in the Caribbean since colonialism has been affected, in one way or another, by the rule of the United States. According to Bayer, the United States’ influence on the Caribbean has been perpetuated by four American interests: 1) the encouragement of trade, 2) the protection of U.S. investments, 3)the formation of alliances to prevent intervention and 4) the promotion of regional support for U.S. international goals (Bayer, 39). In alignment with Bayer’s statement, many historians, politicians and economists alike have traced the history of the United States in the Postcolonial Caribbean and have shown how U.S. affairs through trade and policy have differed from island to island. For instance, due to the fear of communist expansion, the United States has invested a considerable amount of time and energy in countries, like Jamaica, that have seemingly sh adowed Cuba’s â€Å"oppressive† government. As a result, this paper will provide a historical examination of how Jamaica’s economy has been influenced by U.S. relations during the postcolonial era. Within this essay, I will address the following sectors: agriculture, manufacturing, emigration, textile and entertainment. In addition, to further my analysis of Jamaica’s devastating economy, I have also included responses from three Jamaican members of Stanford’s Caribbean Student Association (CSA). To protect my informants’ right to confidentiality, I will not include their names in this essay. Yet, before addressing this topic any further, I will now give a brief overview of Jamaica’s history of colonization, i... ...ersity of California, Los Angeles, 1979. Reckford, Mike. â€Å"White Reggae: Cultural Dilution in the Record Industry.† Popular Music and Society. Spring 2000. Rodriguez, Clara E. â€Å"The Shifting Color Line† Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States. New York: New York University Press, 2000. Self, Sayida. â€Å"Rastafari: An Ethos of Black Resistance.† (Ecology and the Conservation of Natural Resources, 3) Last Modified Friday, 12-Dec-2003 01:57:47 CST http://www.utm.edu/departments/ed/cece/ecology/Q4.shtml World-Aluminium.Org Home of the International Aluminium Institute. ***http://www.world-aluminium.org/production/index.html World-Aluminium.Org Home of the International Aluminium Institute. http://www.world-aluminium.org/environment/economic.html Self, Sayida. â€Å"Rastafari: An Ethos of Black Resistance.†

Would Principles of Scientific Management

Scientific Management as proposed by F. W. Taylor is a method based on a time and motion technique which have actually been divided into steps which helps in determining how fast a particular job can be performed and to the identification and elimination of all practices which leads to the wastages of time. The basic ingredients of time and motion technique begin with a stop watch as an input while the output consisting of an instruction sheet containing exact sequence of operations necessary for the work with exact time the same has to be completed (Klaw, 1979). The management theory suggests for every man in an organization is like one of a train of gear wheels (Haber, 1964:24) and it is these workers who are responsible for the production of a part of the complete product. The development process has to be subdivided into various sections with each section responsible for a part of the whole product rather than the whole product and at the same time various automation techniques are being introduced so that workers can be assigned to single task while external supervisors were meant for the purpose of control. (Miller, 2002). Now we take up the case of Timbuk2. The company headed by Rob Honeycutt followed the way through which Toyota used to produce cars after implementing the use of Toyota Sewing System. The procedure gets unfolded with the product development process has been subdivided into various phases with output of each phase being the input of next phase. A particular operator has the responsibility of a portion of the complete product and once he or she finishes its job, the output is being moved on to the next operator who performs the next operation. Hence in principle this product development process of bags for bike messenger services in Timbuk2 represents a very ideal case for possible implementation of Scientific Management Principle. Since the management policy targets starts with the grass root level with workers doing repetitive jobs. In Timbak2 similar policies are being followed. The company has been very active in obtaining new technology and modifying production techniques. Now looking into what Scientific Management suggest the states that a worker in a repetitive job is more interested in just achieving the minimum required target. He is not at all concerned with the term productivity and growth of the firm and is more of less involves itself just to the domain he or she is actually. To get over these problems, Taylor proposed many concepts of which some were accepted at the time of proposal only like the case of Ford while others were appreciated later. But still there are a large number of managers or trade unionists who is actually not a believer of Taylor’s Theory. Their point of contention is that it is rarely or better to say not at possible to have identical economic interest for both management and workers. There is mistrust between workers and managers. Managers are more interested in improving efficiency and overall performance of the firm and consider this as their own responsibility while the worker views every attempt of training and improvement of technology or modernization process as a tactics by the management to reduce work force and extract more work by the reduced number. Workers’ concerns are not baseless. Taylor’s method has automation as the culminating point. By automation, we mean more and more work is to be done by machines and company’s reliance on workforce will considerably get reduced. This will again undermine the interest of the employees and the point from where Taylor’s theory of total prosperity starts, gets lost. Taylor had suggested for regular training of employees to improve productivity. He also made a point that a worker should be given rest breaks to get over fatigue (Taylor, 1911). This will help to get more output with long er duration of inventory utilization. His idea of training and work arrangement has the motive that a worker should be made to think that more work will result more output and finally more payment. But despite having so much novelties and goodness and loads of appreciation from great people like Henry Ford, from the beginning itself the theory was under fire and its applicability has always been a matter of discussion. The theory which was actually meant for improving efficiency and production later faltered and the same became reason of absenteeism and lack of commitment among workers. Moving on to employee’s contribution in improving the and The company has been able to successfully maintain a very harmonic relationship with According to Backer, in his paper of 1998, implementation of scientific management gave immediate result with drastic fall in the over all cost of production with more and more product being produced at a much lower price thereby causing great change in the way it was consumed by the masses. But it was on the part of management to implement this concept fully. They lacked in this regard thereby causing unrest among workers causing emergence of trade unionism which Taylor used to hate and workers started going to strikes. Their causes were genuine because despite having 33% increases in overall production, workers were not given a considerable portion of the additional profit the companies made. The management started comparing their work force with machines and hence the era of low wages despite high performance started. This causes some of the great strikes in American history with one being suffered by US Steel Industry (Baker, 1998). Again it was Taylor’s Principles which received the blame both from the management as well as labor unions. Later the same principles were accepted by labor unions and were widely respected once better deciphered as beneficial for organized work force because of its clause of maximum prosperity and regular training to meet different production and efficiency targets (Backer, 1998). So finally Taylorism changed the relationship between the management and the workers. But still it was not considered as the perfect concept. Unorganized and unskilled had to face much of the heat caused by its implementation. They had to go with least of wages. This started making effect on organized sector. The skilled labor can now easily be replaced by easily trainable but unorganized and cheap workforce. And again the method and its goal were criticized in every quarter (Baker, 1998). Solution given by Taylor through his principles will always be called as a solution with a motive of complete removal of all supposed problems but had to face its share of failures. Spender in a very recent paper made a very good explanation on Taylor’s Solution, its successes and its failures (2006). He stated that new model factory based system of mass production of things through machines with the help of unskilled labor who are no more than operator of those machines was developed by engineers not by capitalists. These engineers analyzed the whole production process while taking the smallest detail into account. They applied time and motion techniques widely promoted by F. W. Taylor and made steep change in overall efficiency of the whole production process. Though the main motive was to produce more, earn more and give more to the workers but things got awry and because of different goals of management and that of workers, the most critical factor of human resource and social responsibility got subordinated (Rose, 1975:32). The workers were technically compared with machines and were more in an ox-cart cart situation. The engineers on the basis of Taylor’s method gave prominence to science for research and developed and inventory management so that complete and full fledged prosperity can be achieved. But the workers were just not ready to accept the so called independent stand of those engineers. Their past experience were good enough to believe that these engineers are proxy agents of the owners and the concept they are applying are nothing but an attempt to maximize the profit of the capitalists and in return the laborers will be awarded with something very meager . Though Taylor repeatedly stated that what ever change is going to happen will be done with nine-tenth in the management while only a very small change is going to b subjected among workers section, but his contention was hardly viewed by Unionist with enough faith. In his principles, Taylor made a deep explanation of the role of foreman. He used to be most important figure very much equivalent to that of king with power stretching beyond workplace to places outside the factory (Taylor, 1911:51). Top management was very much reliant on these foremen to organize production and was more or less focused on external issues like market share and overall profitability. The addition of new technology and automation restricted the overall status of that of foremen and this was widely appreciated. But with this, Taylor inadvertently provided owners with new means to defeat labor’s interests. The Scientific Management caused shifting planning from execution. The workers or craftsman had no longer authorized to take any decision and were reduced to the position from where they can only execute rather taking any part in decision making. This again made a felling that the labor are no more than a machine which are only supposed to work and must not utter a single word since all these principles have been implemented after looking into all aspects of their welfare. But what actually they would get was obscure (Spender, 2006). All this started giving rise to many labor problems which were strong enough to make changes both at the factory level as well as national politics. On giving deep thought it was concluded that the reason were not just the economic backwardness the laborers were facing but also an impression that they will be left behind in this extra fast economic and technological growth. Again looking with the eyes of Taylor, his principles were not intended to be either labor centric or management centric. His actual wish was to develop a completely new system which would open a new era of adjustment and common objectives for both the parties. But the return of implementing Scientific Management would vary and will get diminished when the firm will take the route of total control through the use of technology but the same will give desirable result in case of un availability of the same (Edwards, 1970:20). The main reason behind the difference was the wide difference between different industries (Chandler, 1977). The role of foreman got different definition in different industries. Factories with the purpose of mass production were now with foremen with lesser control while the opposite was seen in metallurgical trade (Nelson, 1975:36). The ideology of resolving the conflict between owners and workers by changing the whole concept of work and ownership took a backseat. His method was acclaimed and well adopted and very few implemented or incorporated it as a whole. And the management who was supposed to be the intelligent part of the system and were considered as the one to enforce Taylor’s principle, failed in proper application of the concept. And another way of creating harmony among workers and the administration got lost. And the reason remained the same i.e. working class and the management cannot have the same objective. Link – Belt case is a very good example where Taylor’s concept received applause for sorting out the problems between the management and the workers (Nelson, 1992:130). The firm was controlled by some of the ardent supporters of Taylor and his principles of scientific management. The company grew from being a Chicago enterprise manufacturing detachable link-chain for agricultural equipments to an important player in elevating and conveying machinery market (Nelson, 1992:131). The Principles of Scientific Management was implemented for the first time in the Philadelphia Plant of Link – Belt. It was later adopted in its Chicago Plant. But its implementation also exposed the weaknesses of this principle. The principle was actually implemented during period of recession. The economy was going downswing. So the implementation process was completed without any hassle. But the same workforce, who was nothing more than a silent spectator during the period of recession, started demanding when the firm was under pressure of maintaining its position in the recovered and competitive market. When deeply examined, in the period 1900 to 1940, it was found that the Link – Belt management actually never made any decision which were fully in accordance with the Taylor’s principle (Nelson, 1992:130). The solution they found involved espionage and then finding the weak link and causing defection in the opposite camp. All these techniques had been denounced by Taylor in his Principle of Scientific management. Actually Link – Belt management never ever tried to achieve industrial peace but insisted on techniques which showed their own lack of faith on this very Principle. And finally the company which was actually showcased as excellent example of Scientific Management could not find a suitable point in the Taylor’s Principle to tackle rising labour related issues. And thus with the whole purpose of achieving industrial harmony got lost (Nelson, 1992:151). Â